class 3 - self identity, attribution and bias Flashcards
difference bn ascribed and achieved
ascribed = don't have a say (ex. race, sex) achieved = you earn (ex. doctor, determined, ambitious)
dramaturgical perspective stems from what theory
symbolic interactionism
describe the 2 aspects of the dramaturgical perspective
front stage - when people are in a social setting, surrounded by a lot of people i.e. like putting on a front
back stage - private side of ourselves i.e. you’ve come off stage and can stop acting
includes all your beliefs about who you are as an individual
self-concept
clinical tool used to gauge patients most salient social identities and provide culturally sensitive treatment based on identities is the ____ framework (what does each letter stand for)
ADDRESSING framework age disabilities (developmental) disabilities (acquired) religion ethnicity/race sex orientation SES indigenous background national origin gender
self-schemas (a general term)
beliefs and ideas you have about yourself, they guide and organize the processing of info that’s relevant to you
self-efficacy
think effectiveness
it’s how good you think you are at doing somethig
high self effic = you believe youre good at something
low self effic = you believe youre bad
- this varies task to task
whether you think you have control over what happens to you
locus of control
internal vs external locus of control
internal = u believe you have control over events external = u believe you don t have that control (ex. higher power, other people, luck of the draw, the system)
when does learned helplessness tend to occur
when individuals have low self-efficacy AND external locus of control (NEED TO HAVE BOTH)
no matter what you do you cangt change your situation
learned helplessness
aversive control happens when
behavior is motivated by the reality or threat of something unpleasant happening
escape vs avoidance behavior
escape = doing something to get away from un unpredicted, unpleasant stimulus avoidance = doing something to avoid experiences a predicted, unpleasant stimulus
BELIEF ABOUT ONES SELF WORTH
SELF ESTEEM
social learning theory
learning takes place in social contexts and can occur purely though observation i.e. learn from our environment
social comparison theory
we all have a drive to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing ourselves to outhers
involves understanding the cognitive and affective aspects of another persons POV
role taking
if a friend invites you to a party but you have an interview tomorrow
this is an example of
role conflict
moral identity
degree to which being a moral person is important to a persons identity
social facilitation
our performance BOTH tends to improve for simple, well-ingrained tasks but worsens with novel, new tasks
deindividuation
when theres a high degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility we may lose our sense of restaint and our individual identity, thereby aligning our behavior with the group
bystander effect
ppl are less likely to help a victim when other people are pressent
feeling that the responsibility to intervene in a crisis is inversely related to the number of ppl present
i.e. more people = less responsible
diffusion of responsibility
when people work in a group, each person is likely to exert less individual effort than if they were working alone
social loading
groupthink
occurs within a group of people when the desire for harmony or conformity to minimze conflict and reach consensus decision without critically evaluating alternative view points
when being in a group intensifies the preexisting views of the group members –> the avg view is accentuated I.e. moves to one pole
group polarization
attribution theory involves both dispositional and situational attribution. describe themm
disposition = internal causes ex. personality situational = external causes ex. suns in your eye
attribute success to ourselves but failure to others
self-serving bias
believe bad things happen to others but not us
optimism bias
attribute another persons behavior to their personality
fundamental attribution error
i.e. its bc of who they are fundamentally
when we attribute our own actions to the situation
actor/ observer bias
believe bad things happen to others bc of their own actions or in actions
just world belief
i.e. you reap what you sow
can occur to anyone but especially likely for individuals who hold discriminatory views
ultimate attribution error (look at class 3 page 5 for diagram of the what this attribution is liek)
when an individual unknowingly or unintentionally causes something to happen due to the simple facts that she or he expects it to happen
self fulfilling prophecy
stereotype threat
ppl in a situation where theyre at risk of confirming negative stereotypes
conformity experiments have confederates which are
people in on the experiment
obedience experiments measures
to what extent will someone harm someone if there’s a confederate
attachment
humans are social creatures, our developement and behavior is shaped by interactions with others
what did the Harlow & harlow experiments show
experimented on monkeys
predominant belief was that monkeys are attached to moms bc of need for food
results: monkeys actually preferred the soft cloth mom and only went to nutrient mom for food
describe mary ainsworth experiment
moms left toddlers in a play room with unfamiliar person and then they studied their behavior during absence and return
securely attached
happily explored when mom present, cried when mom leaves, quickly consoled when mom returns
insecurely attached
insensitive and inconsistently responsive caregivers
disorganized attachment (may be demonstrated in the insecurely attached)
frightening gestures, patterns
ambivalent attachment ((may be demonstrated in the insecurely attached)
mom leaves –> cry lou –> stap upset when comes back
-display inconsistent behvaior: cling to mom and hit her
avoidant attachment (may be demonstrated in the insecurely attached)
indifferent to moms departure and return
self awareness
is the extent to which a person fixes their attention on their own self-concept.
self esteem
is a person’s judgements or appraisals about themselves, both positive and negative.
self concept
is a person’s beliefs or thoughts about themselves.
Deindividuation is most frequently associated with the loss of ….
with the loss of self-awareness, or loss of the ability to fix attention on their own actions and behaviors.
Self esteem is higher when parents provide rules and establish discipline, but are still loving and supportive. This describes the ______ parenting style.
authoritative
According to Erikson, individuals develop their identity or sense of self during
adolescence
According to Freudian theory, the id controls
impulses (sexual and aggressive) & is assc with instinctive behavior
According to Freudian theory, the superego is involved in
imposing morals
According to Freudian theory, the ego controls
mediates the id and superego to form a balanced, realistic identity
How is the Freudian theory of psychosexual development similar to the Eriksonian theory of human development?
Both theories focus on stages of development that are characterized by a central crisis that must be resolved.
The idea that development is related to sexual impulse is by
freud
Vygotsky focused on the idea that social learning from _______ ______ was a key aspect of development.
qualified sources i.e. skilled and knowledgeable instructors
covariation model
the perceiver uses multiple observations (actor, object, context) to determine the cause of the behavior.
Social stigma is characterized by
prejudiced attitudes towards labeled individuals.
This tendency for our liking for a beautiful person to influence our subsequent assessment of that person’s character as good is called the
halo effect
role conflict is
the conflict between two or more social statuses.
Primary groups are characterized by
cooperation among close, intimate relationships. Common examples include family members and best friends, school classmates and close work associates.
_____ altruistic behaviors aim to increase the genes of others at the cost of alleles possessed by the altruistic individual.
genetically
_____ altruistic behaviors enhance pleasure or meet another individual’s psychological needs at the expense that individual’s pleasure or psychological well being.
psychologically
_____ altruism behaviors involve short-term fitness sacrifices with the purpose of enhancing one’s own long-term fitness
reciprocal
the behaviors of an individual that enhance another individual’s or group’s fitness at a cost to that individual’s fitness
biological altruism
____ is the spread of an invention or discovery from one place to another and often involves the spread of ideas across the globe.
diffusion
Culture lag refers to the fact that
that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations.
is there conscious intention in altruism
no
Optimal foraging strategy seeks the
lowest spent energy for the highest energy yield.
Group selection refers to when
natural selection acts at the group level.
