class 1 - major social theories & research methods Flashcards
name that theory:
society is complex, made of many people working together to maintain solidarity, order, balance, social stability
Functionalism
who is known for Functionalism?
Is functionalism a macro or micro-level theory?
emile durkheim
macro
social structures working synergistically toward solidarity results in
common consciousness (durkheim phrase)
Durkheim believed dysfunctions in societies are caused by anomie which is
mismatch bn wider social standards and individual standards
i.e. a state of few to no moral or social guidelines
difference between manifest and latent function (durkheim)
manifest = obvious, intended function of a social structure latent = less obvious, unrecognizable consequence of that social structure
name that theory:
society is a competition for limited resources
conflict theory - concerned with imbalances in wealth, power, prestige among major groups
who is known for conflict theory?
Is conflict theory a macro or micro-level theory?
karl marx & max weber who refined Marx’s assertion
macro
according to conflict theory, imbalances create a class struggle between who
those who control production and those who provide
economic system where all means of production are publicly owned in order to benefit all members of the society & who is known for it
socialism (karl marx)
ecxonomic system that encourages private ownership in order to produce profit and wealth & who is known for it
captialism (karl marx)
karl marx describes members of a subordinate social class that are actively aware of themselves as a group being exploited by the wealthy
class consciousness
karl marx describes people who are unaware of themselves being exploited & instead they see themselves as individuals instead of an exploited group
false consciousness
Marx argued that what holds back the workers’ unity and revolution is the presence of “false class consciousness”, where workers mistakenly identify with the interests with the capitalists.
T/F: Max weber believed there’s only one source of conflict in society: income
F - could be > 1
agencies of nonelected officials that administer the laws of society
bureaucracies
incr efficiency in pursuit of rational self-interest and away from traditional religious standards of spirituality and morality
rationalization
___ and ____ can exert a very powerful effect on society (max weber)
ideas and beliefs
who are the founders of sociology
durkheim, karl marx, and max weber
name that theory:
people act towards things based on the meaning those things have for them and these meanings are derived from social interactions and modified through interpretation
symbolic interactionism
who is known for symbolic interactionism ?
Is symbolic interactionism a macro or micro-level theory?
george mead (I and me) & Charles cooley (looking glass self) micro
George mead believed the self is developed in 3 stages. What are they, what are their age ranges, and what do they entail
prepatory stage (0-2) = children learn to use language and symbols but only mimic those around them (imitate) play stage (2-6) = kids learn to play the role of others in pretend game (role taking) game stage (7+) = kids start to understand the generalized other (organized and generalized attitude of a social grp)
According to george mead, individual develop a social self called ___ and a response to that social self called ___
me –> I
personal identity and individuality - is this “I” or “me”
I
consists of our interpretations of how the generalized other views us - is this “I” or “me”
me
which develops thru interactions with others - “I” or “me”
me
who believed a persons self is shaped by interactions with others and perceptions of others
charles cooley (looking glass self)
Charles cooley - ones concept of self is made up of what 3 stages
- imagine how we appear to others
- imagine what others must THINK about us based on their observations
- we develop our feeling about ourselves based on our (truly or falsely) imagined judgement of others
name that theory:
theory suggesting that reality is not inherit but socially constructed
social constructionism
what is a social construct
anythign that appears to be natural and obvious to people who accept it but is largely an invention of a society & reject brute facts
ex. gender roles, education, knowledge, language
dynamic ongoing process where an individual internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of their society and learns to function as a member of that society
socialization
is social constructionism macro or micro?
both
which theory is stigma associated with
symbolic interactionism
name that theory:
people make decisions by comparing the costs and benefits of various courses of action
rational choice theory
- influenced by economics
- want to reduce costs and maximize .benefit
is rational choice theory macro or micro
micro
name that theory:
people assign rewards (benefits) and punishments (costs) to interactions and prefer those with the greatest benefit
social exchange theory
- influenced by behavioral pscyh
- people make rational, self interested choices
- social interactions change over time
- if receive social approval for an action –> action will be repeated
- assumes that rewarding actions will be repeated, but the reward diminishes over time
is social exchange theory macro or micro
micro
name that theory:
perspectives on the different experiences and treatment of women vs men & advocate for political economic and social rights of women
feminist theory
is feminist theory macro or micro
both
what did the 3 waves/ eras of feminist theory focus on / when was each
1900 - focus on womens suffrage (right to vote, own property, work for $)
1960/70 - focus on womens social liberties (gender equality, equal pay, reproductive rights)
1980-present - focus on intersectionality (how diff social identities interact like race, gender, class)
wave 1 & 2 had focus on hetero, white, middle class women
name these types of groups:
- group you don’t belong to
- close friends, long term relationships
- group you compare yourself to
- superficial, task oriented, shorter term
- out group
- primary group
- reference group
4, secondary group
difference between experimental and non-experimental designs
experimental directly manipulates variables while non does not
what are 4 examples of experimental designs
random sampling
random assignment
control of extraneous variables
manipulation of treatment
what are 6 examples of non-experimental designed studies
- ethnographic studes (deep exploring of 1 culture)
- twin studies, or heritability
- archival or biographical studies
- phenomenological studies (like phenomenon)
- observational studies
- case or longitudinal studies
difference of between subjects vs within subjects
between = different groups within = same individuals at different points in time
extent to which the findings can be generalized to the real world
external validity
extent to which we can say the change in the outcome variable (or dependent variable) is due to the intervention
internal validity
what are the 5 common threats to internal validity
CAILS confounding or extraneous variables attrition effects (drop out) impression management (change their responses to fit social norms) lack of reliability (lack consistency) sampling bias (not random)
what are the 4 common threats to external validity
LESS
Lack of statistical power (ex. sample size too small)
Experiment doesn’t reflect real world (ex. sample not representative of the popln)
Selection criteria (if too restrictive & not representative)
Situational effects (presence of lab conditions changes outcome)
ecclasia
An ecclesia is religious group that includes most members of a society and is closely affiliated with or holds state or secular power.
sect
A sect breaks away from a denomination, often due to doctrinal issues, such as a return to a pure or fundamental version of the denomination.
a non-state sponsored, large, mainstream religious organization
denomination
least socially acceptable religious org
cult
______ assigns new meanings to a behavior, which was judged to be ‘sick’ or related to the appropriate behavior for someone who is sick, but is now judged to be normal.
demedicalization
describe medicalization of deviance using the treatment of cocaine addiction example
An example of the medicalization of deviance is the treatment of cocaine addiction. Early in the 20th century, cocaine addiction was defined as a deviant behavior. Today, addiction is viewed as a mental disorder and a disease.
i.e. medicalization of deviance is the process of changing a ‘bad’ behavior into a ‘sick’ behavior.
According to theorist Karl Marx, factory workers are a stratified social class, like cogs in a bigger societal machine. A factory worker loses the ability to determine his/her own destiny, and the ability to own the goods they produce. This concept can be referred to as:
alienation of labor
The belief that poor people develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success in society because they are resigned to their lower socio-economic position is referred to as:
culture of poverty
