Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT - Psych/soc > class 6 - Neuroscience, Memory, Learning > Flashcards

class 6 - Neuroscience, Memory, Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

the left and right hemispheres communicate through the

A

corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which hemisphere receives information from the right visual field and controls the right side of the body

A

left hemi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which hemisphere is intuitive, big picture, and random sequencing?
which is analytical, detail oriented, ordered sequencing

A

big pic = right

details = left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

area responsible for producing speech

A

broca’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

area responsible for understanding speech

A

wernickes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the occipital lobe handles

A

visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parietal lobe handles (3)

A

touch, taste, body awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which lobe deals with concentration, body movement, personality, meaning of words, emotional reaction, speech, and smell

A

frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what part of the brain deals with MOTOR memory?

which turns WORKING memory into LTM?

A 
motor = cerebellum
working = temporal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what part of the brain allows you to coordinate movements & balance

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

if you can’t recognize someone’s face, what lobe is messed up?

A

temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hearing & emotion are handled in what lobe

A

temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of tasks do we ALWAYS need lots of conscious awareness to complete

A

complex and novel (new) tasks

-can complete simple, practiced tasks with little conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two states of consciousness

A

alertness (awake)

sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

alertness and arousal are controlled by the

A

reticular activating system in the bran

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where does the dopamine reward pathway start and connect to

A

starts at the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) of the midbrain and connects to Nucleus Accumbens (pleasure center)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is dopamine released

A

nucleus accumbens (addictive drugs also released here and this is what reinforces drug use)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are other regions implied in reward

A

amygdala and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the four areas of the limbic system

A

thalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do the four areas of the limbic system handle

A

thalamus - sensory relay
hippocampus - explicit memory
amygdala - anger and fear
Hypothalamus - (4 Fs) Fighting, feeding, fleeing, fucking (mating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where does sensory information arrive in the initial memory pathway

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what neuroimaging methods are functional (i.e. measure what the brain is DOING)?
which are structural (show what the brain LOOKS like)?

A

functional

  • PET
  • fMRI
  • EEG

Structural

  • MRI
  • CT scan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

neural plasticity is changes in the brain bc of what 4 things

A

learning, emotions, thinking, behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

definition: connections bn neurons strengthen

A

long-term potentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

area of brain responsible for memory and learning

A

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The forgetting curve gets shallow as ____ increases

A

repetition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define:
encoding
storage
retrieval

A 
encoding = transferring from sensory memory into our memory system --> to get it to LTM 
storage = retaining info in STM or LTM
retrieval = extracting stored info
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe the two serial position effects

A

primacy effect = remembers words at beginning

recency effect = remember words at end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Baddeley’s model of working memory involves the central executive which is a system responsible for (3)

A

coordination of the slave systems
shifting bn tasks or retrieval strategies
selective attention and inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the 4 kinds of encoding ? describe them

A 
semantic = meaning
acoustic = sound
visual = images
elaborative = conscious association the new memory with previous LTMs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

6 encoding strategies

A 
rehearsal = repetition
chunking = grouping 
elaboration = intertwining new ingo with pre-existing long term memories 
self-reference = make it personally relevant
spacing = material is spaced out over time
mnemonics = technique (ex. ROYGBIV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which memory decays in 15-30 secs?

sensory, working or LTM

A

working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the rehearsal buffer capacity of working memory

A

7+ or - 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how long does iconic (visual) senses last in sensory memory? how about echoic (auditory)

A 
visual = < 1 sec
audio = 2-4 sec
35
Q

T/F: STM is mostly semantic

A

F: LTM is mostly semantic, STM is mostly acoustic

36
Q

spreading activation

A

find definition

37
Q

when exposure to one stimulus influences response to another stimulus

A

priming

38
Q

context-dependent memory aka context effect

A

we’re better at retrieving info in the same enviornment they’re learned

39
Q

state-dependent memory

A

we’re better at remembering when we’re in the same internal state we were in when the info was encoded (drug, comfort, pain, mood)
ex. coffee while studying

40
Q

proactive interference

A

think: PRior interference

info already learning interferes w ability to learn new ingo

41
Q

retroactive interference

A

REcent interference

new info is making it harder to retrieve older info

42
Q

in normal agin, semantic memory improves until what age

A

60

43
Q

korsakoffs syndrome is a chronic memory disorder caused by

A

severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1)

-caused commonly by alcohol misuse but can be bc of AIDS, nutrition, infections

44
Q

where does alzheimers disease impact first

A

hippocampus (explicit memory)

45
Q

diff bn anterograde amnesia and retrograde

A

anterograde=loss of ability to create new memories (like that movie with adam sandler)
retrograde=loss of access to memories from the past

46
Q

when an organism changes the magnitude of its response due to the repeated exposure to a particular stimuli

A

nonassociative learning

47
Q

when there’s incr responsiveness to a repeated stimuli (assc w incr arousal)

A

sensitization (nonassociative learning)

48
Q

when the organisms response diminishes as it becomes accustomed to a repeated stimulus

A

habituation (nonassociative learning)

49
Q

dishabituation is when the organism that had been habituated to a stimulus recovers its responsiveness bc of ______ and/or______

A

removal of the stimulus and/or the experience of a diff stimulus

50
Q

2 stimuli are paired in a way that the response to 1 of the stimuli changes

A

classical conditioning

51
Q

first to describe classical conditioning and pioneer of behaviorism theory

A

Pavlov

52
Q

describe the methods of associative learning (classical conditioning) with the dog example

A
  1. unconditioned stimulus = food, unconditioned response = salivate
  2. neutral stimulus = bell, is used along with food
  3. eventually, conditioned stimulus = bell, conditioned response = salivate

i.e. the neutral stimulus became conditioned stimulus when it alone can make the conditioned response

53
Q

when one event is associated with another is known as ____ learning

A

associative

54
Q

when stimuli other than original conditioned stimulus elicits the same conditioned response (ex. chime instead of bell)

A

generalization

55
Q

when stimuli is distinguished from other similar stimuli and is the only thing that elicits the conditioned response i.e. when respond to some stimuli but not others

A

discrimination

56
Q

if you ring the bell but don’t give food, over time they will stop salivating. This is an exmaple of

A

extinction

57
Q

when old conditioned stimulus elicits a response {after being extinct }

{} = idk if it’s true but i think

A

spontaneous recovery

58
Q

process where reinforcement and punishment are employed to mold behavioral responses

A

operant conditioning

59
Q

who is most assc w operant conditioning

A

BF skinner

60
Q

_____ INCR the likelihood of desired behavior

_____ DECR the likelihood of UNdesired behavior

A

reinforcement - incr

punishment - decr

61
Q
  1. takes away something undesirable =
  2. takes away something desirable =
  3. adds something desirable =
  4. adds something undesirable
A
  1. negative reinforcement
  2. negative punishment
  3. positive reinforcement
  4. positive punishment

TIP: anything takes away = neg, anything adds = pos

62
Q

token economy

A

system where targeted behaviors are reinforced with tokens and can later be exchanged for desirable stimuli

ex. more screen time

63
Q

Going to work and completing tasks –> earn money –> exchange money for activities like movies and items like car
is an example of

A

world economy

64
Q

what are the four reinforcement schedules of operant conditioning

A

variable ratio
fixed ratio
variable interval
fixed interval

65
Q

provides reinforcement after unpredictable number of behaviors (ex. gambling)

A

variable (unpredictable) ratio (number of responses)

66
Q

provides reinforcement after an inconsistent period of time

A

variable (unpredictable) interval (amount of time)

67
Q

provides reinforcement after a set number of behaviors

A

fixed (predictable) ratio (number of responses)

68
Q

provides reinforcement after a consistent period of time

A

fixed (predictable) interval (time)

69
Q

what is the best way to teach a new behavior

A

continuous (reinforcer given after every single response)

70
Q

which of the four reinforcement schedules has the slowest rate of extinction

A

variable ratio (ex. gambling)

71
Q

incr in response rate that typically occurs when a previously reinforced response is initially no longer paired w any reinforcement

A

extinction burst

72
Q

rewarding of successive, closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior when the exact behavior is too complex ex. potty training

A

shaping

73
Q

stimulus that incr responses when present bc subject has learned that this stimulus signals more likely reinforcement
ex. kids wake up early on Xmas

A

discriminative stimulus

74
Q

its easier to condition an organism to perform a response thats similar to behaviors that its biologically inclined to perform

A

bio predisposition

75
Q

tendency for certain conditioned behaviors to trigger similar instinctive behaviors

A

instinctive drift

76
Q

bobo doll experiment is part of what type of learning

A

observational

77
Q

learning through watching and imitating others

A

observational learning

78
Q

what supports observational learning / are important for observational learning

A

mirror neurons

79
Q

who did the bobo doll experiment

A

albert bandora

80
Q

where the soln to a problem suddenly comes to us i.e. the “ah ha” moment is what type of learning

A

insight learning

81
Q

who is assc with insight learning for the chimpanzee study

A

wolfgang kohler

82
Q

process where learning happens without any immediate expression or obvious reinforcement…later when helpful, it demonstrates itself (3 groups of rat study)

A

latent learning

83
Q

PET scan is a FUNCTIONAL imaging technique that measures the

A

emission of positrons that result from the metabolism of a radioactive tracer (injected prior to the scan). In brain, glucose is used as the tracer bc it’s metabolized quickly by the brain

PET = Positron emission tomography

MCAT - Psych/soc (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions