class 6 - Neuroscience, Memory, Learning Flashcards
the left and right hemispheres communicate through the
corpus callosum
which hemisphere receives information from the right visual field and controls the right side of the body
left hemi
which hemisphere is intuitive, big picture, and random sequencing?
which is analytical, detail oriented, ordered sequencing
big pic = right
details = left
area responsible for producing speech
broca’s area
area responsible for understanding speech
wernickes
the occipital lobe handles
visual processing
parietal lobe handles (3)
touch, taste, body awareness
which lobe deals with concentration, body movement, personality, meaning of words, emotional reaction, speech, and smell
frontal
what part of the brain deals with MOTOR memory?
which turns WORKING memory into LTM?
motor = cerebellum working = temporal
what part of the brain allows you to coordinate movements & balance
cerebellum
if you can’t recognize someone’s face, what lobe is messed up?
temporal
hearing & emotion are handled in what lobe
temporal
what type of tasks do we ALWAYS need lots of conscious awareness to complete
complex and novel (new) tasks
-can complete simple, practiced tasks with little conscious awareness
Two states of consciousness
alertness (awake)
sleep
alertness and arousal are controlled by the
reticular activating system in the bran
where does the dopamine reward pathway start and connect to
starts at the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) of the midbrain and connects to Nucleus Accumbens (pleasure center)
where is dopamine released
nucleus accumbens (addictive drugs also released here and this is what reinforces drug use)
what are other regions implied in reward
amygdala and hypothalamus
what are the four areas of the limbic system
thalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus
what do the four areas of the limbic system handle
thalamus - sensory relay
hippocampus - explicit memory
amygdala - anger and fear
Hypothalamus - (4 Fs) Fighting, feeding, fleeing, fucking (mating)
where does sensory information arrive in the initial memory pathway
thalamus
what neuroimaging methods are functional (i.e. measure what the brain is DOING)?
which are structural (show what the brain LOOKS like)?
functional
- PET
- fMRI
- EEG
Structural
- MRI
- CT scan
neural plasticity is changes in the brain bc of what 4 things
learning, emotions, thinking, behavior
definition: connections bn neurons strengthen
long-term potentiation
area of brain responsible for memory and learning
hippocampus
The forgetting curve gets shallow as ____ increases
repetition
define:
encoding
storage
retrieval
encoding = transferring from sensory memory into our memory system --> to get it to LTM storage = retaining info in STM or LTM retrieval = extracting stored info
describe the two serial position effects
primacy effect = remembers words at beginning
recency effect = remember words at end
Baddeley’s model of working memory involves the central executive which is a system responsible for (3)
coordination of the slave systems
shifting bn tasks or retrieval strategies
selective attention and inhibition
what are the 4 kinds of encoding ? describe them
semantic = meaning acoustic = sound visual = images elaborative = conscious association the new memory with previous LTMs
6 encoding strategies
rehearsal = repetition chunking = grouping elaboration = intertwining new ingo with pre-existing long term memories self-reference = make it personally relevant spacing = material is spaced out over time mnemonics = technique (ex. ROYGBIV)
which memory decays in 15-30 secs?
sensory, working or LTM
working
what is the rehearsal buffer capacity of working memory
7+ or - 2
how long does iconic (visual) senses last in sensory memory? how about echoic (auditory)
visual = < 1 sec audio = 2-4 sec
T/F: STM is mostly semantic
F: LTM is mostly semantic, STM is mostly acoustic
spreading activation
find definition
when exposure to one stimulus influences response to another stimulus
priming
context-dependent memory aka context effect
we’re better at retrieving info in the same enviornment they’re learned
state-dependent memory
we’re better at remembering when we’re in the same internal state we were in when the info was encoded (drug, comfort, pain, mood)
ex. coffee while studying
proactive interference
think: PRior interference
info already learning interferes w ability to learn new ingo
retroactive interference
REcent interference
new info is making it harder to retrieve older info
in normal agin, semantic memory improves until what age
60
korsakoffs syndrome is a chronic memory disorder caused by
severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1)
-caused commonly by alcohol misuse but can be bc of AIDS, nutrition, infections
where does alzheimers disease impact first
hippocampus (explicit memory)
diff bn anterograde amnesia and retrograde
anterograde=loss of ability to create new memories (like that movie with adam sandler)
retrograde=loss of access to memories from the past
when an organism changes the magnitude of its response due to the repeated exposure to a particular stimuli
nonassociative learning
when there’s incr responsiveness to a repeated stimuli (assc w incr arousal)
sensitization (nonassociative learning)
when the organisms response diminishes as it becomes accustomed to a repeated stimulus
habituation (nonassociative learning)
dishabituation is when the organism that had been habituated to a stimulus recovers its responsiveness bc of ______ and/or______
removal of the stimulus and/or the experience of a diff stimulus
2 stimuli are paired in a way that the response to 1 of the stimuli changes
classical conditioning
first to describe classical conditioning and pioneer of behaviorism theory
Pavlov
describe the methods of associative learning (classical conditioning) with the dog example
- unconditioned stimulus = food, unconditioned response = salivate
- neutral stimulus = bell, is used along with food
- eventually, conditioned stimulus = bell, conditioned response = salivate
i.e. the neutral stimulus became conditioned stimulus when it alone can make the conditioned response
when one event is associated with another is known as ____ learning
associative
when stimuli other than original conditioned stimulus elicits the same conditioned response (ex. chime instead of bell)
generalization
when stimuli is distinguished from other similar stimuli and is the only thing that elicits the conditioned response i.e. when respond to some stimuli but not others
discrimination
if you ring the bell but don’t give food, over time they will stop salivating. This is an exmaple of
extinction
when old conditioned stimulus elicits a response {after being extinct }
{} = idk if it’s true but i think
spontaneous recovery
process where reinforcement and punishment are employed to mold behavioral responses
operant conditioning
who is most assc w operant conditioning
BF skinner
_____ INCR the likelihood of desired behavior
_____ DECR the likelihood of UNdesired behavior
reinforcement - incr
punishment - decr
- takes away something undesirable =
- takes away something desirable =
- adds something desirable =
- adds something undesirable
- negative reinforcement
- negative punishment
- positive reinforcement
- positive punishment
TIP: anything takes away = neg, anything adds = pos
token economy
system where targeted behaviors are reinforced with tokens and can later be exchanged for desirable stimuli
ex. more screen time
Going to work and completing tasks –> earn money –> exchange money for activities like movies and items like car
is an example of
world economy
what are the four reinforcement schedules of operant conditioning
variable ratio
fixed ratio
variable interval
fixed interval
provides reinforcement after unpredictable number of behaviors (ex. gambling)
variable (unpredictable) ratio (number of responses)
provides reinforcement after an inconsistent period of time
variable (unpredictable) interval (amount of time)
provides reinforcement after a set number of behaviors
fixed (predictable) ratio (number of responses)
provides reinforcement after a consistent period of time
fixed (predictable) interval (time)
what is the best way to teach a new behavior
continuous (reinforcer given after every single response)
which of the four reinforcement schedules has the slowest rate of extinction
variable ratio (ex. gambling)
incr in response rate that typically occurs when a previously reinforced response is initially no longer paired w any reinforcement
extinction burst
rewarding of successive, closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior when the exact behavior is too complex ex. potty training
shaping
stimulus that incr responses when present bc subject has learned that this stimulus signals more likely reinforcement
ex. kids wake up early on Xmas
discriminative stimulus
its easier to condition an organism to perform a response thats similar to behaviors that its biologically inclined to perform
bio predisposition
tendency for certain conditioned behaviors to trigger similar instinctive behaviors
instinctive drift
bobo doll experiment is part of what type of learning
observational
learning through watching and imitating others
observational learning
what supports observational learning / are important for observational learning
mirror neurons
who did the bobo doll experiment
albert bandora
where the soln to a problem suddenly comes to us i.e. the “ah ha” moment is what type of learning
insight learning
who is assc with insight learning for the chimpanzee study
wolfgang kohler
process where learning happens without any immediate expression or obvious reinforcement…later when helpful, it demonstrates itself (3 groups of rat study)
latent learning
PET scan is a FUNCTIONAL imaging technique that measures the
emission of positrons that result from the metabolism of a radioactive tracer (injected prior to the scan). In brain, glucose is used as the tracer bc it’s metabolized quickly by the brain
PET = Positron emission tomography
