Class 6

Question 1

rational choice theory

Answer 1

classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two

Question 2

availability bias

Answer 2

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

Question 3

heuristic

Answer 3

fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarentee that a solution will be reached

Question 4

algorithm

Answer 4

well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarentees solcing a problem

Question 5

conjunction fallacy

Answer 5

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

Question 6

representativeness heristic

Answer 6

mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event with a prototype of the object or event

Question 7

framing effect

Answer 7

bias whereby people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)

Question 8

sunk-cost fallacy

Answer 8

framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation on the basis of what they have previously invested in the situation

Question 9

optimism bias

Answer 9

bias whereby people believe that, compared with other people, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future

Question 10

prospect theory

Answer 10

theory that people choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

Question 11

certainty effect

Answer 11

hypothesis that people give greater weight to outcomes that are certain

Question 12

ill defined problem

well defined problem

Answer 12

problem that does not have clear goal or well-defined solution

has clear goal and well defined solution

Question 13

means-ends analysis

Answer 13

process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and desired goal

Question 14

analogical problem solving

Answer 14

the process of solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem

Question 15

search varitation (how many different domains are they drawing from)

search effort (how much cognitive effort was exerted)

Answer 15

high and low for both depends on the type of problem solving strategies someone applies

Question 16

functional fixedness

Answer 16

tendency to perceive functions of objects as unchanging

Question 17

reasoning

competence has more to do on whether the task makes sense to participants than someone’s problem-solving ability

Answer 17

mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps in order to reach conclusions

Question 18

practical reasoning

Answer 18

process of figuring out what to do or reasoning directed toward action

Question 19

theoretical reasoning (discursive reasoning(

Answer 19

reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief

Question 20

belief bias

Answer 20

idea that people’s judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid

Question 21

syllogistic reasoning

Answer 21

determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true