Class 4 Flashcards
long-term memory
type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years
anterograde amnesia
inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery
consolidation
process by which memories become stable in the brain
reconsolidation
process whereby memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again
long-term potentiation (LTP)
process whereby repeated communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
retrieval cue
external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
encoding specificity principle
the idea that a retrieval cue can be an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded
state-dependent tetrieval
the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
retrieval-induced forgetting
process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items
transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
retroactive interference
situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier (forgetting what you did on each individual day at work)
proactive interference
situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later (parking at the same lot every day, different spot, forgetting where you parked)
absenmindedness
lapse in attention that results in memory failure
prospective memory
remembering to do thing in the future
blocking
failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
memory misattribution
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
source memory
recall of when, where, and how information was acquired
false recognition
feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before
suggestibility
tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources in personal recollections
bias
distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
consistency bias
reconstructing the past to fit the present
change bias
tendency to exaggerate difference between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past
egocentric bias
type of change bias
exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect
persistence
intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
flashbulb memories
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
Spreading Activation Theory
memories are stored in a complext web
activation spreads to connected concepts
concept reaches conscious awareness when threshold is reached
evidence for spreading activation
context effects (drug v placebo, underwater)
lexical decision task: Is this a word? (people are faster when a related word came before)
Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm (DGM)
Illusory memory: people falsely recall contradiction; high confidence for wrong item (recalling the word sleep in the list thing)
more facts
leading questions work and it’s fucked
eyewitness testimony causes false convictions
Confidence says little abotu whether a memory is true or not, but has a huge effect on the jury
you can implant false memories through repeated suggestion; each suggestion being slightly different; event happened long ago; “imagine in detail”
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