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PATH 3 > Class 5 - Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Class 5 - Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘aphonia’

A

inability to produce the voice

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2
Q

Other than respiration, what are 3 functions of the respiratory system?

A

acid-base balance
protection from infections
vocal production

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3
Q

Define ‘hypoxemia’

A

deficient oxygenation of arterial blood

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4
Q

What are some signs & symptoms of pulmonary disease?

A

mention a few of:

digital clubbing
dyspnea
cough
abnormal sputum
hemoptysis
cyanosis
altered breathing patterns
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5
Q

Define ‘hemoptysis’

A

coughing and spitting up blood

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6
Q

Dyspnea is usually indicative of (simply)

A

hypoxemia or emotional stress

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7
Q

What is orthopnea? What causes this?

A

dyspnea while laying flat

caused by a redistribution of body water (with CHF) which increases the fluid in the lungs

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8
Q

Why does laying prone or supine increase the work of breathing?

A

the abdominal contents press on the diaphragm, which limits vital capacity

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9
Q

Shoulder pain caused by pulmonary disease may radiate….

A

along the medial aspect of the arm

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10
Q

Chest wall pain may be musculoskeletal, or may be caused by pain originating in the…

A

breast
lungs
heart
epigastric region

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11
Q

Pleural pain is alleviated by…

A

lying on the affected side

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12
Q

Central cyanosis is seen in ___ and is associated with ____

A

the oral mucosa, conjunctiva, and lips

right-to-left cardiac shunts and pulmonary disease

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13
Q

What percentage of cases of digital clubbing are due to pulmonary disease?

A

75-85%

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14
Q

Define ‘bradypnea’

A

decreased frequency of breathing

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15
Q

Define ‘hyperpnea’

A

increased depth of breathing

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16
Q

Define ‘apnea’

A

cessation of breathing

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17
Q

Define ‘apneustic breathing’

A

gasping inspiration followed by short expiration

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18
Q

Wheezing is usually related to…

A

bronchospasm and other constriction of the airways

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19
Q

Most URI are caused by…

A

rhinoviruses

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20
Q

Differentiate a cold from a flu

A

flus almost always have fevers which are often high and sudden, as well as muscle pains, headaches, and extreme fatigue. runny/stuffy nose is rare

colds usually have low fever if any, no muscle pains, no headache to a mild headache, minimal fatigue and coughs are usually associated with a runny nose

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21
Q

What does ‘pneumonia’ refer to?

A

inflammation affecting the parenchyma of the lungs

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22
Q

What are the 3 main causes of pneumonia?

A

infections, inhalation of toxic/caustic chemicals, aspiration of fluids or solids

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23
Q

What are mycoplasmal organisms?

A

organisms with both viral and bacterial qualities

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of pneumonia?

A

lobar or bronchopneumonia

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25
Q

Bronchopneumonia affects the…

A

bronchioles and alveoli

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26
Q

Lobar pneumonia affects…

A

one or both lungs at the level of a lobe

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27
Q

What is the leading cause of death from respiratory infection in the young and elderly?

A

pneumonia!

28
Q

50% of cases of pneumonia come from what type of infection?

A

viral

29
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for community acquired pneumonia?

A

cigarette smoking

30
Q

What part of the lungs is most commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia?

A

right upper lobe

31
Q

True or false: fungal pneumonia usually presents with acute/severe symptoms

A

false

32
Q

Viral interstitial pneumonia affects the ____ rather than the intra-alveolar spaces

A

alveolar septa

33
Q

50% of bacterial pneumonias are caused by…

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

34
Q

Bacterial pneumonia is usually limited to ____ and sees alveoli filled with ____

A

one or two lobes

pus

35
Q

Most cases of pneumonia resolve within…

A

1-2 weeks

36
Q

What are 3 possible complications of pneumonia?

A

pleural effusion
empyema
lung abscess

37
Q

What is ‘empyema’?

A

pus in the pleural cavity

38
Q

Notably, the pneumonia vaccine has been very successful in reducing what type of pneumonia?

A

penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumonia

39
Q

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is specifically found in people with…

A

AIDS

40
Q

Pneumocystis carinii is a virus/bacteria/fungus?

A

fungus

41
Q

Interstitial pneumonia affects…

A

the tissue surrounding and separating the alveoli

42
Q

What are 3 characteristics seen in pulmonary tuberculosis?

A 
granulomas (tuberculomas)
caseous necrosis
TB caverns (cavities formed in the lung tissue)
43
Q

Over the lifetime of someone with latent TB, there is only a __% chance of developing an infectious form

A

10%

44
Q

Primary TB infection is usually asymptomatic and its granulomas resolve on their own, however, the individual will be predisposed to…

A

chronic pulmonary OR extra-pulmonary TB later in life

45
Q

What is secondary TB?

A

endogenous or exogenous re-infection when immune system is lowered

46
Q

What is the most common clinical form of TB?

A

secondary TB

47
Q

Reactivated TB usually affects…

A

the upper lobe of one lung

48
Q

Symptoms of TB can be delayed by ___ after infection!

A

one year

49
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

complete or partial collapse of a lung

50
Q

What are some possible complications of tuberculosis?

A
  1. broncho-pleural or esophago-pleural fistula
  2. pleurisy + pleural effusion
  3. pneumonia, laryngitis
  4. lung atelectasis
51
Q

Untreated TB has what rate of fatality in the first 2.5 years?

A

50-80%

52
Q

What are the symptoms of TB infection?

A 
nightsweats
weightloss
dyspnea
productive cough
fever, fatigue
53
Q

What does the BCG vaccine immunize against?

A

TB

54
Q

TB treatment involves primary anti-TB drugs administered…

A

in one dose per day

55
Q

Community acquired fungal infections of the lungs come from ____ and result in _____

A

inhalation of dried fungi/spores

infection similar to TB that induces granuloma formation and calcification

56
Q

What are 3 ways bacteria may reach the lungs to form an abscess?

A

aspiration from oropharynx with foreign material

septic emboli from endocarditis

IV drug injection

57
Q

What is the most telling symptom of a lung abscess?

A

productive cough with foul-smelling sputum and hemoptysis

58
Q

What is the mortality rate of lung abscesses?

A

5-10%

59
Q

Define ‘pneumonitis’

A

term for inflammation of the lung due to causes other than infection

60
Q

What are some types of pneumonitis?

A

from hypersensitivity, lupus, aspiration, cancerous obstruction, interstitial (consequence of AIDS)

61
Q

Acute bronchitis is caused by either ___ or ___ and usually lasts _____

A

chemical irritation or infection

1-3 weeks

62
Q

Differentiate viral vs. bacterial acute bronchitis

A

viral usually has a dry cough in fits aggravated by cold, dry, or dusty air

bacterial is common in people with COPD and sees a retrosternal pain aggravated by coughing

63
Q

Breathing that is abnormally deep and prolonged is called…

A

hyperventilation

64
Q

Describe ‘apneustic breathing’

A

gasping inspiration followed by short expiration

65
Q

The fungal pneumonia that affects people with AIDS is called…

A

pneumocystis cariini pneumonia

66
Q

Interstitial/viral pneumonia affects what part of the lungs?

A

the alveolar septa

67
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis usually affects which part of the lungs?

A

middle or lower lung areas

PATH 3 (12 decks)

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