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PATH 3 > Class 4 - Venous System Pathologies > Flashcards

Class 4 - Venous System Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

The Azygos system bypasses from the ___ to the ___

A

IVC to SVC

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2
Q

The hepatic portal vein takes blood from the ___ to the ____

A

GI tract –> liver

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3
Q

Which type of veins travel in pairs alongside arteries?

A

deep veins

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4
Q

Which type of veins have more numerous valves?

A

deep veins

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5
Q

True or false: veins are also affected by atherosclerosis and HTN

A

false

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6
Q

Thrombi are made up of…

A

fibrin, platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes

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7
Q

__ DVT’s are more likely to become pulmonary emboli

A

proximal

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8
Q

What is “a partial or complete occlusion of.a vein by thrombus with secondary inflammation”?

A

thrombophlebitis

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9
Q

What is the 3rd most common cardiovascular disease?

A

DVT’s

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10
Q

What are the 3 most common cardiovascular diseases?

A

acute coronary artery disease
cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)
DVT’s

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11
Q

What percentage of people having major surgery or a stroke develop a DVT up to 4 weeks later?

A

30-60%

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12
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

venous stasis
increased coagulability
injury of venous wall

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13
Q

What are the two types of thrombi?

A

mural (attached to wall, does not occlude)

occlusive (progresses from mural)

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14
Q

What are the 4 possible fates of thrombi?

A

lysis and resolution of the thrombi
organization of the thrombus (converts to living tissue)
recanalization (organizes + contracts)
embolism

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15
Q

90% of DVTs occur in …

A

the lower extremities

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of DVTs in the upper extremities?

A

IV catheters

17
Q

Pulmonary emboli most commonly come from…

A

thrombi from large veins of the pelvis and leg

18
Q

What are some symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?

A 
chest pain worsened by inspiration
sudden death
tachypnea/tachycardia
dyspnea/persistent cough
hemoptysis
19
Q

What percentage of pulmonary embolisms are not even suspected until post mortem examination?

A

30-40%

20
Q

What does a d-dimer blood test, test for?

A

DVTs

21
Q

Which vein is most commonly affected by varicose veins?

A

the saphenous vein

22
Q

What are 3 risk factors for varicose veins?

A

heavy lifting
prolonged sitting/standing
hormonal changes

23
Q

What are the conservative treatment options for mild varicose veins?

A

rest with elevated legs
frequent postural changes
exercise
elastic stockings

24
Q

What treatments can be used for more severe varicose veins?

A

sclerotherapy (injection of irritant that narrows the blood vessel wall)
laser venous ablation (closes off problematic veins)

25
Q

What is a phlebectomy?

A

removal of problematic veins

26
Q

What is a long term consequence (visible sign) of chronic venous insufficiency?

A

leg ulcers (chronic)

27
Q

Venous insufficiency ulcers are most commonly found where?

A

just above the medial malleolus

28
Q

What is the difference between Raynaud’s phenomenon vs. Raynaud’s disease?

A

phenomenon is secondary to another disorder

disease is idiopathic/primary

29
Q

What is Raynaud’s phenomenon?

A

intermittent episodes of constriction of small arteries or arterioles causing temporary pallor/cyanosis of the extremities, changes in skin temperature

30
Q

How common is Raynaud’s phenomenon in the fingers vs. the toes?

A

60 fingers/40 toes

31
Q

How common is Raynaud’s in the general population? How much more frequently affected are women than men?

A

10-20% of gen pop

20x more affected than men (in age 15-40)

32
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon may be secondary to…

A 
Buerger's (TAO)
Sjogren's syndrome
Scleroderma
Polymyositis, dermatomyositis
SLE
RA
33
Q

If Raynaud’s is unilateral, it may be a sign of…

A

an occult neoplasm (hidden tumor)

34
Q

What are some potential triggers of Raynaud’s?

A 
temperature changes
trauma
repetitive stress
emotional stress
use of a jackhammer
medications such as beta blockers, chemo drugs
smoking
35
Q

Raynaud’s disease makes up what percentage of vasomotor diseases?

A

65%

36
Q

What is hemangiopericytoma?

A

a malignant vascular neoplasm forming in the smooth muscle cells of the capillaries and arterioles

37
Q

Hemangiopericytomas are mainly found in…

A

the lower extremities and retroperitoneum

38
Q

10-50% of hemangiopericytomas will metastasize to the…

A

lungs, bones, liver, lymph nodes

39
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare neoplasm of the…

A

dermal blood vessels

PATH 3 (12 decks)

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