Class 2 - Hypertension + Hypertensive Diseases Flashcards
What are the 3 primary determinants of blood pressure?
blood volume, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance
What is the formula for cardiac output?
SV x HR/min
What are the effects of aldosterone?
acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt + water (increase BP)
How is angiotensin II produced?
angiotensinogen is released by the liver. renin acts on it to form angiotensin I. then, ACE released from the lungs acts on angiotensin I to turn it into angiotensin II.
What is the effect of angiotensin II?
vasoconstriction of blood vessels
stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone
What triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway?
drop in blood pressure or fluid volume
What percentage of adults suffer from hypertension?
25% or 1 in 4
Hypertension contributes to what percentage of ischemic heart disease?
49%
What percentage of strokes does hypertension contribute to?
62%
What is the number one most attributable risk for death?
inadequately controlled hypertension
Optimal blood pressure is…
below 120/80
What are some possible conditions that would lead to secondary hypertension?
underlying disease medication use physiological events endocrine abnormalities neurogenic/psychological factors or stress
What percentage of people will develop hypertension at some point in their lifetime?
90%
What percentage of cases of hypertension are primary/essential?
90%
Hypertension caused by kidney failure is usually treated with…
diuretics
Normal circulating blood volume is about…
5L
Cardiac output may be increased by…
tachycardia or increased contractility of the heart
What are some complications of hypertension?
cardiomegaly/left ventricular hypertrophy atherosclerosis hypertensive encephalopathy hypertensive strokes hypertensive retinopathy
What occurs in the heart in the case of cardiomegaly?
cardiac cells die by ischemia since the enlarged cells need more blood, and are then replaced with fibrous tissue, leading to enlargement of the heart
Which heart valves are most commonly affected in rheumatic heart disease? What is the most common?
mitral and aortic valves,
especially mitral stenosis
What are some potential complications of rheumatic fever?
bacterial endocarditis rheumatic heart disease heart failure heart valve lesions mitral stenosis
What is endocarditis? What is it most commonly caused by?
bacterial infection of the heart valves
pyogenic bacteria like staph or strep… OR fungi
With endocarditis, where does infection usually develop?
in previously altered heart valves
Acute myocarditis can sometimes be indistinguishable from…
acute myocardial infarction
