Class 2 - Hypertension + Hypertensive Diseases

Question 1

What are the 3 primary determinants of blood pressure?

Answer 1

blood volume, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance

Question 2

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 2

SV x HR/min

Question 3

What are the effects of aldosterone?

Answer 3

acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt + water (increase BP)

Question 4

How is angiotensin II produced?

Answer 4

angiotensinogen is released by the liver. renin acts on it to form angiotensin I. then, ACE released from the lungs acts on angiotensin I to turn it into angiotensin II.

Question 5

What is the effect of angiotensin II?

Answer 5

vasoconstriction of blood vessels

stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone

Question 6

What triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway?

Answer 6

drop in blood pressure or fluid volume

Question 7

What percentage of adults suffer from hypertension?

Answer 7

25% or 1 in 4

Question 8

Hypertension contributes to what percentage of ischemic heart disease?

Answer 8

49%

Question 9

What percentage of strokes does hypertension contribute to?

Answer 9

62%

Question 10

What is the number one most attributable risk for death?

Answer 10

inadequately controlled hypertension

Question 11

Optimal blood pressure is…

Answer 11

below 120/80

Question 12

What are some possible conditions that would lead to secondary hypertension?

Answer 12

underlying disease
medication use
physiological events
endocrine abnormalities
neurogenic/psychological factors or stress

Question 13

What percentage of people will develop hypertension at some point in their lifetime?

Answer 13

90%

Question 14

What percentage of cases of hypertension are primary/essential?

Answer 14

90%

Question 15

Hypertension caused by kidney failure is usually treated with…

Answer 15

diuretics

Question 16

Normal circulating blood volume is about…

Answer 16

5L

Question 17

Cardiac output may be increased by…

Answer 17

tachycardia or increased contractility of the heart

Question 18

What are some complications of hypertension?

Answer 18

cardiomegaly/left ventricular hypertrophy
atherosclerosis
hypertensive encephalopathy
hypertensive strokes
hypertensive retinopathy

Question 19

What occurs in the heart in the case of cardiomegaly?

Answer 19

cardiac cells die by ischemia since the enlarged cells need more blood, and are then replaced with fibrous tissue, leading to enlargement of the heart

Question 20

Which heart valves are most commonly affected in rheumatic heart disease? What is the most common?

Answer 20

mitral and aortic valves,

especially mitral stenosis

Question 21

What are some potential complications of rheumatic fever?

Answer 21

bacterial endocarditis
rheumatic heart disease
heart failure
heart valve lesions
mitral stenosis

Question 22

What is endocarditis? What is it most commonly caused by?

Answer 22

bacterial infection of the heart valves

pyogenic bacteria like staph or strep… OR fungi

Question 23

With endocarditis, where does infection usually develop?

Answer 23

in previously altered heart valves

Question 24

Acute myocarditis can sometimes be indistinguishable from…

Answer 24

acute myocardial infarction

Question 25

What are the signs/symptoms of myocarditis?

Answer 25

mild fever, dyspnea, signs of heart failure

Question 26

What viruses are often involved in myocarditis?

Answer 26

coxackie viruses A + B, other enteroviruses, HIV