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PATH 3 > Class 1 - Heart Pathologies > Flashcards

Class 1 - Heart Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best known cause of congenital heart defects?

A

rubella infection during organogenesis (first 3 months of pregnancy)

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2
Q

What are the 3 most common types of causes of types of heart defects?

A

viral infections, toxic substances, and chromosomal abnormalities

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3
Q

What is the most common form of congenital heart disease? What percentage of clinical cases do these make up?

A

septal defects - 30-40%

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4
Q

The heart murmur in the case of an interatrial septal defect is caused by…

A

the passage of blood from the left to right atrium during systole

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5
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect recognized in clinical practice?

A

interventricular septal defects (most common cause of heart murmurs in newborns)

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6
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of left-to-right shunt of blood with an interventricular septal defect?

A

shortness of breath/dyspnea, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, pulmonary hypertension

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7
Q

What are the 4 heart defects seen in tetralogy of fallot?

A

ventricular septal defect
overriding aorta
pulmonary stenosis
hypertrophy of the right ventricle

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8
Q

What is seen in a ‘tet spell’?

A

bluish skin - especially fingers, fingernails (and same of feet) and lips after crying, feeding, or feeling agitated

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9
Q

What are atheromas?

A

fatty deposits in the inner lining (tunica interna) of an artery - the central part is soft, of lipids and cell debris, and this is covered by fibrous tissue

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10
Q

What causes atheromas?

A

endothelial cell injury of the tunica interna, hypertension, metabolic disease (DM)

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11
Q

What is the most important question to ask a client with diabetes?

A

Is your diabetes stable/well-managed/well-regulated?

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12
Q

What are some risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

cigarette smoking (nicotine tar damages endothelial cells), hypertension, hyper LDL, diabetes mellitus, stress (cortisol)

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13
Q

What are three possible fates for atheromas?

A

become larger + more numerous
rupture
calcification

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14
Q

Peripheral vascular disease affects what parts of the body? And more frequently?

A

the extremities and abdominal organs - more especially the legs, kidneys, and intestines

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15
Q

What are the consequences of an atherosclerotic aorta?

A

less elasticity: cannot adapt to BP changes or expand during systole –> hypertension, aortic aneurysm

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16
Q

Sudden occlusion of peripheral arteries leads to…

A

gangrene

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17
Q

Why does intermittent claudication occur?

A

the lack of oxygen means muscles must gather energy from anaerobic respiration, leading to a build up of lactic acid which causes muscle cramps

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18
Q

What cascade occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is limited by an aortic atheroscelerosis?

A

not enough blood to kidneys –> kidneys release renin to increase BP –> kidneys excrete less NaCL to increase BP –> anasarca (edema)

19
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

right-sided heart failure

20
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of cor pulmonale?

A

swollen legs at the end of the day, ascites, distended jugular veins (venous return stagnancy)
hepatomegaly and pain in R hypochondriac region (blood gets backed up in hepatic veins)
fatigue
weight gain

21
Q

Atherosclerosis is also called ____ and is implicated in which CVS diseases?

A

Ischemic Vascular Disease of the Arteries

shows up in:
aortic aneurysms
peripheral vascular disease
coronary artery/heart disease (CAD)
myocardial infarction
sometimes, cor pulmonale
22
Q

Right-side heart failure is usually caused by…

A

chronic lung disease (pulmonary hypertension)

23
Q

What are some prodromal symptoms of a heart attack?

A 
sudden onset of severe/progressive angina
shortness of breath
fatigue
excessive sweating
pain in epigastric region
24
Q

What enzyme levels are elevated

3-6 hours after occlusion of a coronary artery?

A

cardiac troponin I or T

25
Q

What enzyme levels are elevated 1-2 hours after a heart attack?

A

creatinine kinase (a sign of muscle damage)

26
Q

50% of heart attacks occur due to…

A

occlusion of the left descending coronary artery

27
Q

30-40% of heart attacks occur due to…

A

occlusion of the right coronary artery

28
Q

15-20% of heart attacks occur due to…

A

occlusion of the left circumflex artery

29
Q

What is the most common cause of death in Western societies?

A

myocardial infarction

30
Q

Sudden death occurs in what percentage of heart attacks? Why?

A

25% due to ventricular fibrillation

31
Q

The two most common complications in the first week after a heart attack are…

A

arrhythmia (90%)

congestive heart failure (60%)

32
Q

The most common complication in the first year after a heart attack is…

A

congestive heart failure (70%)

33
Q

What percentage of people will die during the year following a heart attack?

A

30-40%

34
Q

What are possible treatment options following a heart attack to try to resolve the issue?

A

bypass surgery
stent
heart transplant

35
Q

Left ventricular failure will result in…

A

pulmonary congestion/edema and dyspnea

36
Q

Nocturnal angina is associated with…

A

tachycardia from dreams or underlying CHF

37
Q

What is the most common cause of angina?

A

coronary artery disease (90% of cases)

38
Q

What is Prinzmetal’s angina?

A

angina due to abnormal coronary artery spasm rather than directly as a result of atherosclerosis

39
Q

What is strange about decubitus angina?

A

it occurs at rest and is reduced by sitting/standing, normally

40
Q

How could you tell the difference between heartburn and angina pectoris?

A

heartburn pain will usually change when you change the position of your torso, whereas angina will not

41
Q

What is hypercarbia?

A

high carbon dioxide in the blood

42
Q

90% of cases of angina are caused by…

A

coronary artery disease

43
Q

Compare and contrast coronary artery disease vs. coronary heart disease

A

Coronary artery disease is a form of coronary heart disease, but they are often used interchangeably

PATH 3 (12 decks)

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