Class 4 Flashcards
Bob Erard’s on administrating the Ror.
AKA you can assume the location a little bit
“follow the principle of letting the respondent take the lead, you develop a mindset in which you expect the respondent to tell you if there are special location features that are important to the percept rather than chasing around for them. Most locations are Ws and Ds in conventional places, and even most Dd responses are those that experienced examiners have heard before. If the respondent hasn’t said something or gestured in some way to suggest otherwise, you can often safely assume that the location is what it appears to be.”
Barry Ritzler on administrating the Ror.
Don’t ask a person to run their finger around the response. It can result in more Dd 99 and fewer vague Developmental Quality scores.
What is validity
Do indicators measure what we think they measure?
Validity: MMPI vs Rorschach
Both Rorschach and MMPI have criterion-related validity effect sizes of substantial magnitude
These studies do not address the pattern of scores within a test, much less a pattern among multi-method tests, which is the basis of good psychological assessment
Move beyond the question of global validity and focus on individual scales and indices
> NOT ‘is the Rorschach valid’, rather ‘is this or that indicator valid’
Study of Validity of Individual Indicators and result
NOT ‘is the Rorschach valid’, rather ‘is this or that indicator valid’
Conducted a systematic meta-analysis for each of the individual CS indicators. Goal: to estimate construct validity of Rorschach indicators
Most variables in R-PAS have meta-analytic support
R-PAS variables have more construct validity meta-analyses documenting their validity than any other multiscale assessment measure
(MMPI/2/RF, PAI, MCMI, Wechsler scales, CBCL, etc.)
Determinants
The most complex feature of scoring
Answers the question: “Why something looks the way it does?”
Information can be relayed in many ways:
- Directly–“the shading gives that impression”, “it is shaped that way“
- Indirectly– key words
Three suggestions of a determinant
- Communication – Consider all words and gestures, esp key words like fuzzy)
- Prototypical Imagery – The real world attributes of an objects. Could be suggestive (require clarification, ex. a server cb dressed in black) OR prototypical or core characteristic (ex. blood (is red)).
- Permissive Card Location (Common determinant location table, lists all areas that elicit at least 5% of determinants)
What words suggest a determinant
Key words – suggest a possible determinant
Loaded word – do not suggest a apecific possible determinant, but should be clarified
- An amazing…
- Weird-looking
- That’s creepy
- Mysterious
Movement Determinates
M (human movement)
FM (animal movement)
m (inanimate movement)
M
Determinant
M (Human movement)
– responses involving movement of a human
– experience, sensation or emotion, even if disembodied or abstract
e.g., Card X: gloom, love, loud sound
– any animal in human-like activity or supernatural activity (this does not include an animal in any non-animal movement)
FM
FM (Animal movement)
– responses involving animal movement (even if the movement is not congruent with that animal)
E.g., a cat flying with wings out »_space;> FM
Code FM unless human or supernatural elements are included
FM– a fish suckling its young
M– a fish suckling its baby at her breast
M– a bear high-fiving
m
m (Inanimate movement)
– movement of inanimate objects
(waterfall, sun rise, rotting apples)
– natural forces like gravity, wind, rigor mortis
– also used for unnatural states of tension (hair sticking up)
– sounds only if the act of hearing is not involved
Can movement be past movement?
Movement must be occurring in the moment (not past action)
Anticipatory movement (fixin’ to…) –> Score it as if already being produced
M, FM, and m based on nature of movement or agency of action?
M, FM and m are based on the nature of the movement not just the agent of action
A bear bleeding = m.
A live animal falling from the sky = FM
A dead animal falling from the sky = m
A person being stretched = M
A jack-o-lantern with a smile = M
Props
Props provide a rationale for a response but are not seen in the blot, so are not coded
E.g. the amoeba looks big because you are looking through a microscope.
WOULD NOT code microscope
Movement vs positional descriptors
Movement
- If tension exists
- Ex. Wings spread, folded, extended
- Ex. Arms up in the air
No movement
- Positional
- Ex. Two people facing each other
Active or Passive Movement
Every movement response will be designated with a superscript as
- a (active)
- p (passive)
- a-p (both)
Benchmark is talking (which is always scored passive)
Generally scored passive (italicized on slides but review)
Sitting, resting, gliding, a soft breeze, a murmur, breathing, crying, heart beating, perched, smelling, sniffing, speaking, staring, talking, on fire, rays coming from the sun, a laser beam, a kite flying, an animal pelt stretched out to dry, waterfall, water flowing
How can context change active or passive movement
Context can change a to p or p to a
active = a leaf spinning out of control
passive = a leaf falling slowly spinning to the ground
How is movement coded in a painting, caricature, picture, or abstraction
Movement within a painting, caricature, picture, or abstraction is always passive
*caution: “picture” can refer to the inkblot
What to do if a response has both active and passive movements in it
- when more than one object is involved, score both a and p with a dash in between
e.g., Card I: two people dancing around a person standing»_space;> Ma-p - when a single object is involved, only the active superscript is used
e.g., Card II: a dog sitting there howling»_space;> FMa
how to clarify movement
Often trying to understand what makes it look like it is moving is a pointless clarification.
Often the client is frustrated and says it just does
BUT there are times when movement is expressed in such a way to need a clarification:
- Vibrating
- Flaming, burning
- Streaking through space
(because color could be involved)
Coding options for Chromatic Color
exact code depends on extent to which form is involved:
FC
CF
C
FC
Color contributes but form is dominant
e.g., it has that shape like liquid running down a wall–and it is red too.
CF
CF: Color is dominant but form contributes
e.g., it is red and is running down here like bl would do
C
Only color is involved
e.g., it is red like blood
How to determine if Form or Color is Predominant?
The goal of distinguishing FC from CF revolves around what is the predominant determinant for the response? Are they using form more than color? Or color more than form?
Sometimes mention of color is only identifying a location, so no color is coded (e.g., the red could be a bowtie)
Color-convergence: Consider the importance of the color of the object in the real world
> the blue is a lake; the red is blood > color vs the red is a fish > locator, not color)
Color Convergence
Color-convergence: Consider the importance of the color of the object in the real world
> the blue is a lake; the red is blood > color vs the red is a fish > locator, not color)
The red could be a bowtie -> no color convergence
In general, what do you do when a response contains elements that qualify for different categories of the same determinant
In general, whenever a response contains elements that qualify for different categories of the same determinant, use the one with the least form
C’
Achromatic color
Identifying gray, black, or white as a characteristic
Generally:
– a white jet, a gray bug, it has a white edge,
– gray, black, and white can denote location only, which is not coded
light and dark are key words
(they can be achromatic color or shading)
Achromatic color-convergence
e.g., the black is coal > C’
the black is tweezers > not C’
Shading options, and how they are communicated
V, T, Y
Shading involves contrasts or differences in shades of ink or mixing 2 colors, a varying intensity of ink or color will be perceived as texture, depth, or diffuseness.
Communicated by words: shading, darker, lighter, contrast, varying pixels or hinted at by designs, lines, marking, not solid, not the same, specks, splotches, or spots (hints require clarification)
Or by gestures (rubbing the card, putting hand behind the blot (be sure and document these actions)
Shading used to create form features is scored as
Using shading features to create contours in the blot–not scored shading
Card IX– the green part looks like a ghost’s head (using the shading to create a mouth shape)
Card VI–using the shading to create round spots on the young deer/fawn
T
Shading - Texture
– used to code tactile impression e. g. soft, rough, smooth, furry, wet, hot to touch, cold to touch
– must be based on variations of shading
(doesn’t include “cold because it is blue”—the would be a color determinant)
– “color” often must be inquired to see if actual color or if shading is being used (especially on non-color cards)
“the shading makes it look soft”
Fur may or may not be texture—clarify
What is sufficient to score texture for kids
Children rubbing the card is sufficient to score texture
V
Vista!
– used when depth or dimensionality is perceived in shading
– determine if the response is based on shading (scored V) or on size or contours (scored FD)
– problem words include “bumpy”, “indented”, “rough”
Must articulate 3-D dimensionality
> Something is closer to you than other parts are based on shading
> Birds eye view, or looking at it from above, looking down on it from above.
But “top view” is not 3D (not the distance)
Y
Diffuse Shading
– use of shading that is not coded vista or texture or is a form feature (so Y is the default use of shading)
– dilemmas: C’ vs Y
unless you are convinced it is C’, use Y
– sometimes Y is found in color contrasts:
e. g. different pinks make it look rotten; different grays like a storm; the way the coloring comes together it looks like dried blood
C’ vs Y?
dilemmas: C’ vs Y
unless you are convinced it is C’, use Y
Convergence Principle
Response language, Prototypical imagery and Permissive location converge so that only one code is possible:
- Response: color mentioned, “the red is blood”
- Prototypical imagery– blood is red
- Permissive location (Card II D2 or D3)– pulls for color
NO CLARIFICATION REQUIRED TO CODE C
Examples of Achromatic color convergence
“The white part here is snow”
”The black part is the night sky”
Texture Convergence
Unequivocal tactile communication (only soft, texture, or smooth are unequivocal)
Prototypical object content (bearskin rug)
Appropriately shaded blot area (Card IV or VI)
FD Convergence example
FD convergence
Card IV – Looking up toward a giant like I am below him. Feet legs, body, nose, an tail.
FD
Form Dimension
– The artistic idea of foreshortening
– Response in which the impression of depth, distance, or dimensionality is given by the relative size and/or shape of contours (no shading used)
e. g. it’s so small it must be way off;
e.g., it l. l. it is in perspective
Obscuring-type FD
– one object obscures another behind it
– scored when something is behind something (if based on form)
e. g. I can only see part of the arm so it must be behind him
– sometimes subtle: “a person standing with a hood on”
> if hood is 2 dimensional, not FD
> if hood covers anything like a face (“can only see part of the face”), FD
R
Reflections
– a reflection or mirror image based on the symmetry of the blot
– image must be identical
– If you score a reflection, do not score pair (2)
e.g., > it looks like a mountain lake reflecting the trees and mountains; a woman looking at herself in the mirror, a steamboat and its reflection
F
Form
- responses based exclusively on “shape” or by POINTING OUT FORM FEATURES
– only code F when it is the only determinant in a response (it is exclusionary) (never in a blend)
– The F in FM and FD can be confusing because they do not necessarily refer to form (F)
Blends
– when more than one determinant is used in a response
– When written, separate each determinant by a comma (E.g., C’,FD,Ma)
– more than three determinants »_space; can happen but check your scoring
– cannot use two codes of the same category of determinant (CF,FC)
use the one with the least form emphasis
– can get two shading scores in a blend
– BUT do not code same word or phrase two ways
Benchmarks for“Reasonably Certainty”
Biggest threat to validity and reliability
clarification phase
Purpose of the clarification phase
Clarification may be the biggest threat to reliability and validity (soft underbelly of the test, Exner)
Manual tries to standardize the guidelines for clarification as much as possible
Purpose: to “resolve uncertainties and ambiguities about coding” that the RP presented
Consistency across examiners in CP is the goal
If undecided about a score….
If undecided on a score, can score it each way separately to see if it makes a difference
coding dilemmas can be informative
