Class 3 - Principles of Pharmacology

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

the process of a drug movement through the body. all drugs go through the 4 stages

Question 2

pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

the study of the effect of a drug on cells, and the drugs mechanism of action

Question 3

what are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 4

absorption

Answer 4

process of moving a substance from its site of administration, across the body membranes to the bloodstream.
depends on size, lipid solubility, degree of ionization, and interaction with food and other drugs
the more rapid the absorption, the faster the onset of drug action
acids will absorb in acids, bases will absorb in bases

Question 5

first past effect

Answer 5

drug goes to liver after taking orally

Question 6

bioavailability

Answer 6

the amount of drug that reaches the target.

Question 7

what are factors that could affect drug absorption?

Answer 7

taking other drugs, what’s in your gut, certain acidic and non-acidic environments

Question 8

distribution

Answer 8

describes how drugs are transported through the body to receptor sites. how a drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues.

Question 9

what influences distribution?

Answer 9

blood flow, the drugs solubility, the drugs affinity to the tissue, protein binding effect, dehydration, blood viscosity, placental barriers

Question 10

what is the protein binding effect?

Answer 10

some drugs bind to a protein so they need to be taken with a meal

Question 11

metabolism

Answer 11

also known as biotransformation. process of chemically converting a drug to a form that is usually removed from the body more easily. makes it more likely to be excreted.

Question 12

what is the primary site of metabolism?

Answer 12

the liver, kidneys are secondary

Question 13

what factors might affect metabolism?

Answer 13

hepatitis, diseases that attack or damage the liver, cirrhosis (liver scaring)

Question 14

excretion

Answer 14

remove drug metabolites from the body and only sometimes the actual drug itself

Question 15

where are drugs excreted?

Answer 15

usually the kidneys but may also be excreted by the lungs or glands, or into bile (sweat, feces, urine, breast milk)

Question 16

half life

Answer 16

length of time for 50% of a drug to be absorbed. by knowing the half life we can determine dosing schedules

Question 17

what can affect the half life?

Answer 17

metabolism and elimination.

Question 18

therapeutic range

Answer 18

drug concentration between the minimal effective concentration and toxic concentration

Question 19

agonist

Answer 19

drugs that produces a response the same as the endogenous substances

Question 20

antagonist

Answer 20

drug that prevents a response from endogenous chemical

Question 21

idiosyncratic effect

Answer 21

individualized, unpredictable and unexplained drug reactions

Question 22

adverse effect

Answer 22

undesirable and potentially harmful action caused by the administration of a medication

Question 23

partial agonist

Answer 23

medication that produces a weaker, or less effective response than an agonist

Question 24

polypharmacy

Answer 24

the taking of multiple drugs

Question 25

synergistic effect

Answer 25

the combined effect of two different drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug taken alone

Question 26

tolerance

Answer 26

adapting to a drug over a period of time and subsequently requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect

Question 27

physical dependance

Answer 27

experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued

Question 28

allergic reaction

Answer 28

acquired, immune system response to a foreign substance

Question 29

anaphylaxis

Answer 29

extreme hypersensitivity to an antigen and may lead to life threatening shock if untreated

Question 30

dissolution

Answer 30

the first phase of drug action for oral medication. the drug goes into solution so that it can cross the biological membrane. when the drug is administered by injection or topically, there is no pharmaceutic phase

Question 31

what are the stages of dissolution?

Answer 31

tablets-disintegration-dissolution

Question 32

onset of action

Answer 32

the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration after drug administration

Question 33

what is peak action

Answer 33

when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration

Question 34

duration of action

Answer 34

the length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect

Question 35

trough

Answer 35

lowest level of drug before administering another dose

Question 36

drug receptor theory

Answer 36

the activity of many drugs is determined by the availability of the drug to bind to a specific receptor. the better the drug fits at the receptor store, the more biologically active it is. most receptors are found on cell membranes

Question 37

cumulative effect

Answer 37

when the effects of a drug increase due to retention of the drug in the body

Question 38

additive effect

Answer 38

two of the same drugs with similar action are taken for a doubled effect

Question 39

side effect

Answer 39

predictable, less serious drug effect

Question 40

enteric-coated

Answer 40

a tablet is coated with a substance that prevents the medication from being released until it reaches the small intestine, where it can then be absorbed

Question 41

parenteral administration

Answer 41

injection or infusion. common types of injection are intravenous (into a vein), subcutaneous (under the skin), and intramuscular. the most common infusion is intravenous

Question 42

what is cirrhosis

Answer 42

liver scarring

Question 43

therapeutic response

Answer 43

onset of action, peak action, duration of action, therapeutic range

Question 44

what is another name for metabolism

Answer 44

biotransformation

Question 45

what determines the route of administration?

Answer 45

the form the medication is in

Question 46

topical

Answer 46

hormones that influence the activities of a certain gland

Question 47

nephrotoxicity

Answer 47

toxicity of kidneys

Question 48

IM

Answer 48

intramuscular