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329 Peds > Class #3 Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Class #3 Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the physiological differences between adults and children that impact their fluid and electrolyte needs

A

-Higher proportion of extracellular fluid
-Faster metabolic rate
-less developed kidney and immune function
-They are fully dependant on caregiver for fluids

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2
Q

when do children start to be able to concentrate urine

A

Around 2 years

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3
Q

what factors would increase a child’s fluid needs

A

-the younger they are the more fluids they need
-Infection/fever
-Elevated resp rate
-Vomiting/diarrhea

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4
Q

What would decrease a child’s need for fluids

A

-Heart conditions
-Kidney conditions
-Neurological conditions (don’t want to increase ICP)
-Fluid overload

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5
Q

what is normal urine output for children

A

0.5-1 mL/kg/hr

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6
Q

What is the fluid requirement per hr for a child below 10 kg

A

4 mL/kg/hr

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7
Q

what is the fluid requirement per hour for a child that is 10-20 kg

A

2 mL/kg/hr for every kg over 10 kg

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8
Q

what is the fluid requirement per hour for a child that is 20+ kg

A

1 mL/kg/hr for every kg over 20 kg

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9
Q

Why is dimenhydrinate not normally used in kids when they are nauseous

A

Because of the sedating effect and it can cause them to become more dehydrated since they are always asleep

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10
Q

what are some signs that a baby may be ready for solid food

A

-when they can sit up and have good head and neck control
-when they become interested in food
-When they start to mimic eating behaviours
-Extrusion reflex goes away

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11
Q

What is the extrusion reflex

A

Also called tongue thrust and its when the tip of the tongue is touched there tongue will thrust out of their mouth to push the object out

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12
Q

If a baby is breastfed or on formula what vitamin supplement is very important to take and why

A

Vit D supplement since breastmilk and formula are both low in Vit D

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13
Q

When do kids typically stop breastfeeding

A

Around 2 years

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14
Q

what should a babies first food be

A

Iron fortified infant cereals

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15
Q

If you were feeding your baby both breastmilk and food which would you feed it first

A

Feed breast milk or formula first and then follow with small amount of the food

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16
Q

What should you mix the cereal with to provide a better texture for babies that are just beginning to eat

A

Breastmilk or formula never water since breastmilk and formula have more nutrients

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17
Q

when should you try self feeding with a baby

A

around 9-12 months

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18
Q

At 6-8 months what type of food should the baby be eating

A

Well cooked mashed fruits and veg

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19
Q

at 7-10 months what type of food should a baby be eating

A

Chopped cooked vegetables and fruits can have larger pieces of soft foods like bread

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20
Q

at 10-12 months what type of food should a baby be eating

A

cut up cooked and raw foods

21
Q

when should a baby be introduced to wheat

A

at around 7-10 months

22
Q

when can pasteurized milk be introduced to a baby

A

at and after 12 months

23
Q

what percentile of height and weight on a growth chart would indicate FTT

A

height and weight below the 5th percentile would indicate FTT

24
Q

what percentile of weight on a growth chart would indicate obesity in a child

A

if they were above the 97th percentile on a weight chart

25
Q

what is the difference between a child being overweight and a child being obese

A

A child is overweight when they are between the 85th and 97th percentile while obesity is above the 97th percentile

26
Q

what are 4 steps to reduce childhood obesity

A

-Healthy eating habits
-Regular physical activity
-Portion control
-Limit screen time

27
Q

What are screen time recommendations for children

A

-Children under 2: No screen time
-Children 2-5: Less than 1 hour
-Children 5-17: Less than 2 hours per day

28
Q

What is Pyloric stenosis

A

An obstruction at the lower end of the stomach caused by overgrowth of the muscles at the end of the stomach or spasms of the sphincter

29
Q

when do babies start to display symptoms of pyloric stenosis

A

2-5 weeks old

30
Q

what are symptoms of pyloric stenosis

A

-projectile vomiting that occurs immediately after feeding
-Infant is constantly hungry and will eat again right after vomiting
-olive shaped mass may be felt in the RUQ of the abdomen
-In severe cases distended stomach and peristaltic waves might be visible

31
Q

what is treatment for pyloric stenosis

A

surgery (pyloromyotomy)

32
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux

A

When the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach is relaxed which allows stomach contents to be regurgitated into the esophagus

33
Q

in a child with GER when does vomiting start to present

A

within the first or second weeks of life

34
Q

What are signs and symptoms of GER

A

-vomiting
-weight loss
-FTT

35
Q

what are treatments for GER

A

-Don’t Over feed (distends the stomach)
-Thickened formula
-Frequent burping
-after being fed place infant in upright position or propped on their left side (don’t have them sit all the way up since it increases pressure on the stomach)

36
Q

When is cleft lip or cleft palate usually repaired by

A

CL is usually repaired by 3 months
CP is usually repaired before 1 year

37
Q

What are complications that occur from cleft lip and cleft palate

A

-Feeding complications
-Speech development complications
-Infections of the respiratory tract and middle ear (specifically in CP)

38
Q

what is intussusception

A

Slipping of one part of the intestine into another part

39
Q

What are signs and symptoms of intussusception

A

-Onset is sudden
-Severe abdo pain
-Child will vomit bile
-Bowel movements will only consist of blood and mucus about 12 hours after obstruction
-Sausage shape on the abdomen

40
Q

is intussusception a medical emergency

A

Yes since the bowel becomes obstructed and can perforate

41
Q

what is the treatment for intussusception

A

Surgery with removal of the affected area

42
Q

how long does it take for an appendix to rupture from onset of symptoms

A

36 hours

43
Q

where is the appendix located

A

RLQ of abdo

44
Q

What are signs and symptoms of appendicitis

A

-pain that starts around the belly button and shifts to the RLQ
-Abdo tenderness
-rebound tenderness
-Nausea an vomiting
-Low grade fever (only in 55% of cases though)

45
Q

How can appendicitis be diagnosed

A

-C-reactive protein
-Ultrasound

46
Q

what are five conditions that increase fluid requirements

A

-Fever
-vomiting/diarrhea
-high output kidney failure
-DKA
-Burns/tachypnea/ shock

47
Q

what is obligatory fluid loss

A

another word for insensible fluid loss

48
Q

what is gastroenteritis

A

Infectious diarrhea

329 Peds (5 decks)

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