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Biochemistry > Class 2 E1 > Flashcards

Class 2 E1 Flashcards

1
Q

standard state

A

about room temp

ΔG of rxn relies on ΔG 0 (free E at standard state cond’s)

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2
Q

RT and [products] and [substrates (reactants)]

A

standard state

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3
Q

For free E at standard state the higher [product] means?

A

more E is req’d.

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4
Q

For free E at standard state the larger your denominator the?

A

easier it is to move forward.

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5
Q

For free E at standard state the larger your denominator

A

the less E req’d.

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6
Q

ΔG

A

change in Gibbs free E.

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7
Q

ΔG naught

A

change in Gibbs free E of standard state.

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8
Q

ATP has a large

A

ΔG

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9
Q

ATP hydrolysis is a rxn used to?

A

drive other rxns forward

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10
Q

ADP is more stable than?

A

ATP

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11
Q

You phosphorylate what to make ATP?

A

ADP

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12
Q

Cells make their own ATP via?

A

ATP synthase

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13
Q

ATP hydrolysis has what type of ΔG?

A

positive

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14
Q

ATP is also

A

a nucleotide in RNA, can be incorporated into a long strand of mRNA.

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15
Q

Equilibrium

A

chemical state when forward rate equals reverse rate.

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16
Q

At equilibrium the net change of reactants and products is?

A

zero

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17
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle states that

A

all rxns move toward equilibrium.

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18
Q

Equilibrium: the [reactants and products]

A

don’t need to be the same.

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19
Q

Equilibrium: more product =

A

rxn in reverse direction.

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20
Q

Equilibrium: more reactants / products =

A

rxn in forward direction.

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21
Q

Rxns are most favorable when?

A

they are at equilibrium.

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22
Q

Steady State

A

arrows same length in both directions.

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23
Q

If a rxn arrow is longer then

A

that direction is more favorable.

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24
Q

If a rxn arrow is shorter then

A

that direction is less favorable.

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25
Q

Equilibrium related to free E by?

A

Keq

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26
Q

Keq

A

equilibrium constant; defines relative conc’s of products and substrates.

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27
Q

If there’s no change in reactants or products there is no change in?

A

ΔG.

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28
Q

ΔG =

A

ΔG°+ RTln ([C]^c[D]^d/[A]^a[B]^b)

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29
Q

Keq =

A

[C]^c[D]^d/[A]^a[B]^b

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30
Q

Kinetics

A

analyzes rates of chemical rxns.

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31
Q

Kinetics can involve

A

single / multiple reactants (substrates) to make single / multiple products

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32
Q

Kinetics depends on

A

[products] and [reactants]
temperature
factors specific to individual rxn.

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33
Q

Kinetics: rates depend on

A

[products] and [reactants]

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34
Q

Enzymes reduce

A

activation E needed for a rxn.

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35
Q

Enzymes have a stabilized transition state by

A

donating e-‘s that enzyme will eventually recover back.

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36
Q

Rxn Rate

A

A + B → C

Rate = d[C]/dt= k[A][B]

37
Q

For the rxn A + B → C, if A is halved, how does that affect the rate of the rxn?

A

The rate of the rxn will be halved.

38
Q

Catalyst

A

biological enzyme, speeds up rxn by lowering activation E.

39
Q

A catalyst helps the system reach what quicker?

A

equilibrium

40
Q

Catalysts don’t affect

A

dG, equilibrium [reactants] or [products].

41
Q

Catalysts are also called

A

enzymes

42
Q

Catalysts provide favorable cond’s for a

A

rxn

43
Q

Rxn Mech

A

explains making and breaking of bonds at molecular level.

44
Q

Rxn Arrows

A

indicate direction of rxn (e- flow); e- pushing.

45
Q

Isomerase

A

makes isomers.

46
Q

Isomerase: a ketone to an aldehyde is an important part of?

A

glycolysis

47
Q

H-bonding is a weak force compared to?

A

a covalent bond.

48
Q

H-bonding forms the basis of?

A

double-helix in vivo.

49
Q

Water’s polarity influences the strength of?

A

ionic interactions.

50
Q

The polarity of a solvent is characterized by the?

A

dielectric constant (no units), reflects polarity.

51
Q

Higher dielectric constant means?

A

more polar.

52
Q

High dielectric constant of water means it can?

A

readily solubilize many ionic solids, can significantly decrease ionic interactions.

53
Q

Something hydrophobic would have a low?

A

dielectric constant.

54
Q

Polarity of water enables it to have?

A

ionic interactions.

55
Q

In order to dissolve a fatty acid in water you would need to?

A

use organic / hydrophobic solvent to solubilize something w/ low dielectric constant.

56
Q

Something with a low dielectric constant can’t?

A

form ions easily in water.

57
Q

pKa

A

measures acid strength

58
Q

Ka

A

acid ionization constant

59
Q

Ka measures

A

acidity of a proton, how easily acid dissociates.

60
Q

Ka =

A

[H+] [A−]/[HA]

61
Q

pKa =

A

−log Ka

62
Q

Ka for strong acids

A

high values bc fully dissociate in water.

63
Q

pKa is involved in the interconversion of?

A

weak acids / weak bases.

64
Q

When the pKa is high

A

it is less acidic, more basic, proton dissociates less easily.

65
Q

In order to dissociate when the pKa is high you need to ass a lot of?

A

base.

66
Q

When the pKa is low?

A

it is less basic, more acidic.

67
Q

When the pH is low?

A

more (+), more likely to be protonated, more acidic.

68
Q

When the pH is high?

A

more (-), less likely to be protonated, more basic.

69
Q

when you add a proton to [A-] it becomes?

A

[HA]

70
Q

pH measures?

A

acidity

71
Q

Acidic pH levels?

A

0-6

72
Q

Basic pH levels?

A

8-14

73
Q

Neutral pH?

A

7

74
Q

Buffers help maintain a?

A

neutral pH.

75
Q

How do you determine [proton]?

A

log

76
Q

Buffers

A

chemical systems resistant to changes in pH.

77
Q

Buffers are mixtures of?

A

weak acids and conj. bases or weak bases and conj. acids.

78
Q

Enzymes have optimum?

A

pH’s.

79
Q

Buffering Capacity

A

relative amount of an acid / base that can be added to a volume of buffer soln before its pH changes.

80
Q

The ideal pH that a particular weak acid or conj. base system will buffer is its?

A

buffering capacity.

81
Q

the ideal pH is closest to a buffering agent’s?

A

pKa.

82
Q

Buffer for copying DNA

A

add nucleotides (substrates for rxn), these have charges.
need correct complimentary buffer for acid / base you’re using.
weak acid / base in excess to buffer.
pH absolute # / [molecules] you have.

83
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation calculates the?

A

pH of a buffer system.

84
Q

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

85
Q

Large [A-]/[HA] means?

A

more base, pH higher.

86
Q

[A-]

A

weak base

87
Q

You typically have the same amount of weak acid and conj. base when the pH is close to the?

A

pKa

88
Q

You want to have excess of buffering agents in moles / molecules in comparison to?

A

enzymes / substrates / products.

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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