Class 2 Deck 1 Flashcards
Where does the posterior spinal artery arise? And where does it end?
- Vertebral Arteries
- Cauda Equina
Where does the anterior spinal artery arise and where does it end?
- Vertebral artery
- Filum terminale
Radicular arteries (spinal) is reinforced by what 2 arteries?
- Intercostals (thoracic region)
- Lumbar (Lumbar region)
What does SAD stand for?
- Sensory
- Afferent
- Dorsal
Where do cervical spinal nerves exit?
-Above the respective vertebra
All spinal nerves with the exception of cervical, emerge from where?
-Below the same numbered vertebra.
What is a ganglia?
-Cluster of peripheral neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
What is a nerve?
- Bundle of peripheral axons
- Most are mixed (sensory and motor axons)
Name the connective tissue layers of nerves from smallest to biggest.
-Endonerium (fibers), epinerium (fasicles), perinerium (Bundles)
Where is the cervical plexus? and what does it innervate?
- C1-C4
- Neck and shoulder
Where is the phernic nerve and why is it important?
- C3,4,5
- Sole motor supplier of the diaphragm
Where is the brachial plexus and what does it innervate?
- C5-T1
- Upper limbs and shoulder
What dermatome is the pinky?
C-8
Where is the lumbar plexus and what does it innervate? and what is its major nerve?
- L1-L4
- Anterior Thigh (Quad)
- Femoral Nerve
Where is the sacral plexus? What does it innervate?
- L4-S4
- Posterior thigh and most of leg
What are the main nerves of the sacral plexus?
- Sciatic
- Tibial
- Common fibular (peroneal)
NAme the 5 nerves of the brachial plexus and what they innervate.
- Radial = Posterior hand
- Ulnar = Medial hand
- Median = Lateral Palm
- Musculocutaneous = arm flex
- Axillary = deltoid
What nerve causes footdrop?
-Common peroneal/Fibular
Motor axons innervate ______ fibers at the _________ this is called the _______.
- Skeletal Muscle
- Neuromuscular junction
- Motor end plate
What is a motor unit?
-Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
What does mechanoreceptors detect?
-Mechanical deformation of receptor or adjacent cells
What does thermoreceptors detect?
Changes in temperature
What do nocioceptors detect?
Pain
What do electromagnetic receptors detect?
-Light on the retina
What do chemorecptors detect?
-Tase, smell, O2, Osmolality
What are ruffini endings?
-Found in dermis and adapt to changes in pressure
What are meisner corpuscles?
Found in hairless skin and are tactile receptors
What are pacinian corpuscles?
-Vibration receptors
What are neuromuscular spindles / neurotendons / golgi organs?
-perceive muscle stretch
What do free nerve ending sense?
Pain and temp
Where are proprioceptors found?
-Muscle, joints, tendons, ligaments
What do proprioceptors sense?
- Degree of stretch
- Info on body movement
Where do sensory fibers arise?
Motor fibers?
- Cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
- Anterior gray column of spinal cord
What is gray mater? White mater?
- Neuronal cell bodies
- Pathways of nerve bundles
Ascending tracts move ____ the brain while descending tracts move _____ from the brain.
- Towards
- Away
Sensory tract names begin with what? and what do they end with?
- Spino-
- Part of brain where tract leads
Motor tracts start with what?
-Part of brain where tract begins
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus are what type of nerves?
- Large
- Fast
- Myelinated
What are the 4 functions of the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus?
- Touch sensations
- Fine Pressure
- Vibration
- Proprioception
What is the path of the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus?
Skin-spinal cord-medulla-thalamus-post central gyrus
where does the Anterolateral System originate?
-Dorsal horn of spinal grey mater
what are the functions of the Anterolateral System?
- Pain
- Temp
- Crude touch / pressure
- Tickle/itch
- Sexual
What types of nerves are involved with the Anterolateral System?
- Small
- Slow
- myelinated
Name the 3 afferent neuron paths?
- Primary (periphery to spinal cord)
- Secondary (Spinal cord to thalamus)
- Third (project to specific cortex)
Which central gyrus is motor? Sensory?
- Motor = Precentral gyrus
- Sensory = postcentral gyrus
What are the 2 types of motor neurons?
- Upper motor neurons
- Lower motor neurons
Lower motor neurons can only be what type of neurons?
-Cranial or spinal
Where do all corticospinal tracts synapse? A lesion above this is what type of lesion?
- Anterior Horn
- Upper motor neuron lesion
What are the 3 characteristics of a UMN defect?
- Spastic paralysis
- Hyperreflexia
- Babinski
What are the 3 characteristics of a LMN defect?
- Flaccid paralysis
- Fasciculations
- Hyporeflexia
SSEPs test the integrity of what tracts?
-Dorsal lemniscal (posterior cord)
General anesthesia produces sedation and hypnosis by depressing what?
-Reticular activating system
A complete loss of the reticular activating system is called what?
Coma
The _______ nerve at the level of the ______ is usually the site for SSEP monitoring.
- Tibial
- Ankle
For SSEP where is the stimulating and detecting electrodes placed?
- Stimulating = Peripheral
- Detecting = Central
What will happen to a SSEP wave form if their is nerve damage?
- Increase latency
- Decrease amplitude
Other than nerve injury, what can affect SSEPs?
- Temp
- BP
- O2
- CO2
Describe A fibers
- Myelinated
- First or fast pain
- Localized
- Pain ends w/ end of painful stimulus
Describe C fibers
- Unmyelinated
- Second / slow pain
- Diffuse pain
- Pain exceeds painful stimulus
Clavicle Dermatome
C1
Umbilical Dermatome
T10
Nipples Dermatome
T4
Tibia Dermatome
L4-L5
Xiphoid Dermatome
T6
Perinum Dermatome
S2-25
