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Neuro 400 > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Layers of meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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1
Q

Meninges

A

Second protective structure after skull/vertebrae.

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2
Q

Epidural space

A

Between dura mater and vertebrae

Contains fat and connective tissue.

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3
Q

Dura mater

A

Most superficial layer of the meninges
Thick and strong.

Made of dense irregular connective tissue.

Runs from Foramen Magnum to s2

Continuous with epineurum of nerves

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4
Q

Subdural space

A

Theoretical space between dura mater and arachnoid mater. Contains (minute quantities) of interstitial fluid.

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5
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer of meninges

Loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres.

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6
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater b

Contains CSF

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7
Q

Pia mater

A

Deepest, thinnest layer of meninges

Squamous –> cuboidal cells

Contains blood supply to spinal cord.

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8
Q

Denticulate ligaments.

A

Thickenings of pia mater.

Fuse with arachnoid and inner dura mater

Anchor spinal cord to vertenbrae

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9
Q

Diameter of spinal cord

A

1.5 cm

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10
Q

Length of spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata to superior L2 (in adults; L3-4 in neonates)

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11
Q

Cervical enlargement of spinal cord

A

C4-T1 (nerves to/from upper limbs)

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12
Q

Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord

A

T9-12 (nerves to/from lower limbs)

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13
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Terminis of spinal cord

Inferior to lumbar enlargment

IVD between L1-2

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14
Q

Filum terminale

A

Anchors spinal cord to coccyx

Extension of pia mater (fused with arachnoid and dura mater)

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15
Q

Cauda equina

A

Inferiorly angled nerves exiting in the space between conus medullaris and end of vertebral column.

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16
Q

Peripheral: nerve
Central:

A

Tract

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17
Q

Peripheral: ganglia
Central:

A

Nuclei

  • basal ganglia in brain is a nuclei not a ganglion *
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18
Q

Ganglia/Nuclei

A

Clusters of cell bodies

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19
Q

Tracts/nerves

A

Bundles of axons.

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20
Q

Rootlet

A

Small bundle of axons connecting nerve roots to spinal cord.

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21
Q

Roots

A

Larger bundles of axons connecting spinal nerves to segments of cord via rootlets

22
Q

Posterior (dorsal) root

A

Axons of sensory neurons.

23
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Enlargement containing sensory cell bodies

24
Q

Ventral (anterior) root

A

Motor nerves.

25
Q

White matter

A

Mostly myelinated bundles of axon sheaths

In Peripheral Nervous system, superficial to grey matter

26
Q

Grey matter

A

Unmyelinated axons, neuroglia, dendrites and cell bodies

In PNS deep to white matter

27
Q

Postior median sulcus

A

Dent in centre posterior spinal cord.

28
Q

Grey Commisure

A

Connects two halves of spinal cord.

29
Q

Central canal of spinal cord

A

Contains CSF

30
Q

Anterior median sulcus

A

More of a fissure. Big dent in anterior spinal cord

31
Q

Anterior/posterior white commisure

A

Connect white matter on R & L

32
Q

Posterior grey horns

A

Incoming sensory neurons

33
Q

Anterior grey horns

A

Somatic motor neurons.

34
Q

Lateral grey horns

A

Only in T spine and upper L spine.

Autonomic motor nuclei (regulate cardiac, smooth muscle, glands)

35
Q

Anterior/posterior/lateral white columns

A

Each column contains distinct bundles of axons with a common origin or destination and carrying similar info.

36
Q

Three coverings of spinal nerves

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

37
Q

Endoneurium

A

Innermost layer. Wraps individual axons.

38
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle layer. Wraps fascicles (bundles of axons in endoneurium)

39
Q

Epineurium

A

Outer layer. Wraps entire nerve.

40
Q

Rami

A

The branches divided into by the spinal nerves after exiting intervertebral foramen

41
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

Serves muscles and skin of posterior trunk

42
Q

Ventral ramus

A

Serves muscles and structures of limbs, and skin of anterior and lateral trunk.

43
Q

Meningeal branch

A

Ramus.

Reenters vertebral canal to supply vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spine, and meninges.

44
Q

Rami communicante

A

Serves autonomic nervous system

45
Q

Four plexuses

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

46
Q

Intercostal Nerves

A

T2-12

47
Q

Neuropraxia

A

1st degree nerve injury
Mild focal compression.

Segmental demyelination

No break in fibre; reversible in hours to months

Motor function loss

48
Q

Axonotmesis

A

2nd degree nerve injury

Prolonged, severe compression

Endoneurium intact

Wallerian degeneration

Sensory, motor and autonomic loss

Reversible in less than 6 months

49
Q

Neurotmesis

A

3rd degree nerve injury
Damaged Endoneurium

Wallerian degeneration

Difficult to regenerate – scar tissue, edema, bleeding

50
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Degeneration of axon distal to injury

51
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors

52
Q

Alpha and beta fibres

A

Small, myelinated, fast and well localized

53
Q

C fibres

A

Unmyelinated
Smaller, slow.
Poorly localized, burning/throbbing pain

Neuro 400 (10 decks)

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