Class 1

Question 0

Layers of meninges

Answer 0

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 1

Meninges

Answer 1

Second protective structure after skull/vertebrae.

Question 2

Epidural space

Answer 2

Between dura mater and vertebrae

Contains fat and connective tissue.

Question 3

Dura mater

Answer 3

Most superficial layer of the meninges
Thick and strong.

Made of dense irregular connective tissue.

Runs from Foramen Magnum to s2

Continuous with epineurum of nerves

Question 4

Subdural space

Answer 4

Theoretical space between dura mater and arachnoid mater. Contains (minute quantities) of interstitial fluid.

Question 5

Arachnoid mater

Answer 5

Middle layer of meninges

Loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres.

Question 6

Subarachnoid space

Answer 6

Between arachnoid and pia mater b

Contains CSF

Question 7

Pia mater

Answer 7

Deepest, thinnest layer of meninges

Squamous –> cuboidal cells

Contains blood supply to spinal cord.

Question 8

Denticulate ligaments.

Answer 8

Thickenings of pia mater.

Fuse with arachnoid and inner dura mater

Anchor spinal cord to vertenbrae

Question 9

Diameter of spinal cord

Answer 9

1.5 cm

Question 10

Length of spinal cord

Answer 10

Medulla oblongata to superior L2 (in adults; L3-4 in neonates)

Question 11

Cervical enlargement of spinal cord

Answer 11

C4-T1 (nerves to/from upper limbs)

Question 12

Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord

Answer 12

T9-12 (nerves to/from lower limbs)

Question 13

Conus medullaris

Answer 13

Terminis of spinal cord

Inferior to lumbar enlargment

IVD between L1-2

Question 14

Filum terminale

Answer 14

Anchors spinal cord to coccyx

Extension of pia mater (fused with arachnoid and dura mater)

Question 15

Cauda equina

Answer 15

Inferiorly angled nerves exiting in the space between conus medullaris and end of vertebral column.

Question 16

Peripheral: nerve
Central:

Answer 16

Tract

Question 17

Peripheral: ganglia
Central:

Answer 17

Nuclei

• basal ganglia in brain is a nuclei not a ganglion *

Question 18

Ganglia/Nuclei

Answer 18

Clusters of cell bodies

Question 19

Tracts/nerves

Answer 19

Bundles of axons.

Question 20

Rootlet

Answer 20

Small bundle of axons connecting nerve roots to spinal cord.

Question 21

Roots

Answer 21

Larger bundles of axons connecting spinal nerves to segments of cord via rootlets

Question 22

Posterior (dorsal) root

Answer 22

Axons of sensory neurons.

Question 23

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 23

Enlargement containing sensory cell bodies

Question 24

Ventral (anterior) root

Answer 24

Motor nerves.

Question 25

White matter

Answer 25

Mostly myelinated bundles of axon sheaths In Peripheral Nervous system, superficial to grey matter

Question 26

Grey matter

Answer 26

Unmyelinated axons, neuroglia, dendrites and cell bodies In PNS deep to white matter

Question 27

Postior median sulcus

Answer 27

Dent in centre posterior spinal cord.

Question 28

Grey Commisure

Answer 28

Connects two halves of spinal cord.

Question 29

Central canal of spinal cord

Answer 29

Contains CSF

Question 30

Anterior median sulcus

Answer 30

More of a fissure. Big dent in anterior spinal cord

Question 31

Anterior/posterior white commisure

Answer 31

Connect white matter on R & L

Question 32

Posterior grey horns

Answer 32

Incoming sensory neurons

Question 33

Anterior grey horns

Answer 33

Somatic motor neurons.

Question 34

Lateral grey horns

Answer 34

Only in T spine and upper L spine. Autonomic motor nuclei (regulate cardiac, smooth muscle, glands)

Question 35

Anterior/posterior/lateral white columns

Answer 35

Each column contains distinct bundles of axons with a common origin or destination and carrying similar info.

Question 36

Three coverings of spinal nerves

Answer 36

Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium

Question 37

Endoneurium

Answer 37

Innermost layer. Wraps individual axons.

Question 38

Perineurium

Answer 38

Middle layer. Wraps fascicles (bundles of axons in endoneurium)

Question 39

Epineurium

Answer 39

Outer layer. Wraps entire nerve.

Question 40

Rami

Answer 40

The branches divided into by the spinal nerves after exiting intervertebral foramen

Question 41

Dorsal Ramus

Answer 41

Serves muscles and skin of posterior trunk

Question 42

Ventral ramus

Answer 42

Serves muscles and structures of limbs, and skin of anterior and lateral trunk.

Question 43

Meningeal branch

Answer 43

Ramus. Reenters vertebral canal to supply vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spine, and meninges.

Question 44

Rami communicante

Answer 44

Serves autonomic nervous system

Question 45

Four plexuses

Answer 45

Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral

Question 46

Intercostal Nerves

Answer 46

T2-12

Question 47

Neuropraxia

Answer 47

1st degree nerve injury Mild focal compression. Segmental demyelination No break in fibre; reversible in hours to months Motor function loss

Question 48

Axonotmesis

Answer 48

2nd degree nerve injury Prolonged, severe compression Endoneurium intact Wallerian degeneration Sensory, motor and autonomic loss Reversible in less than 6 months

Question 49

Neurotmesis

Answer 49

3rd degree nerve injury Damaged Endoneurium Wallerian degeneration Difficult to regenerate -- scar tissue, edema, bleeding

Question 50

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 50

Degeneration of axon distal to injury

Question 51

Nociceptors

Answer 51

Pain receptors

Question 52

Alpha and beta fibres

Answer 52

Small, myelinated, fast and well localized

Question 53

C fibres

Answer 53

Unmyelinated Smaller, slow. Poorly localized, burning/throbbing pain