Ckd

Question 1

In advanced CKD, even on dialysis, patients may become more pigmented, and this is felt to reflect the deposition of retained pigmented metabolites called

Answer 1

urochromes

Question 2

skin condition unique to CKD patients consists of progressive subcutaneous induration, especially on the arms and legs.
The condition is seen very rarely in patients withCKD who have been exposed to the magnetic resonance contrast agent Gadolinium.

Answer 2

nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy

Question 3

Pruritus in CKD Is due to elevated levels of

Answer 3

Phosphates

Question 4

is the most common acute complication of hemodialysis,particularly among patients with diabetes mellitus

Answer 4

Hypotension

Question 5

management of hypotension during dialysis consists of

Answer 5

discontinuing ultrafiltration

the administration of 100–250 mL of isotonic saline, or Administration of salt-poor albumin.

Question 6

Additional maneuvers to prevent intradialytic hypotension include

Answer 6

the performance of sequential ultrafiltration followed by dialysis, cooling of the dialysate during dialysis treatment,
and avoiding heavy meals during dialysis.

Question 7

an oral selective α1 adrenergic agent, has been advocated by some practitioners to prevent intradialytic hypotension,
although there is insufficient evidence of its safety and efficacy tosupport its routine use

Answer 7

Midodrine - NOT RECOMMENDED

Question 8

is usually defined by an elevated peritoneal fluid leukocyte count(100/mm3, of which at least 50% are polymorphonuclear neutrophils);

Answer 8

Peritonitis

Question 9

In peritonitis, the most common culprit organisms are ___, reflecting the origin from the skin.

Answer 9

gram-positive cocci,

including Staphylococcus

Question 10

In cases where peritonitis is due to hydrophilic gram-negative rods (e.g., Pseudomonas sp.) or yeast, antimicrobial therapy is usually not sufficient, and___ is required to ensure complete eradication of infection

Answer 10

catheter removal

Question 11

Non peritonitis catheter-associated infections are often termed

Answer 11

tunnel infections

Question 12

Metabolic disturbances in chronic peritoneal dialysis

Answer 12

Hyperglycemia
Insulin resistance 
Weight gain
Hypoproteinemia
Low albumin
hypertriglyceridemia
Continuous removal of potassium and PHOSPHORUS

Question 13

Among the few absolute “immunologic” contraindications to transplantation is the presence of antibodies against the donor kidney at thetime of the anticipated transplant that can cause hyperacute rejection.Those harmful antibodies include

Answer 13

natural antibodies against the ABO blood group antigens
and
antibodies against human leukocyte antigen(HLA) class I (A, B, C) or class II (DR, DQ, DP) antigens.