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A level History > Civil Rights - Trade Unions and Labour Rights > Flashcards

Civil Rights - Trade Unions and Labour Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

What did trade unions fight for?

A
  • right to exist and legally recognised
  • right to negotiate pay
  • right to withdraw labour without punishment
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2
Q

What was the Position of Unions and Labour in 1865?

A
  • Depended on what could be agreed with employers
  • Workers could be exploited and had no protection
  • Unions represented skilled workers
  • New industries = no protection
  • Workers could be sacked and little help if injured
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3
Q

What was the Position of Unions in the Late 19th Century?

A

-Industrialisation unions grew
-eg; KOL and AFL
-Position of workers undermined by availability of AA workers
-Unions only represented 20% of non-agri workforce
-Divided by ethnicity, gender, skill
+Grown over 2 million by 1910

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4
Q

What was the Position of Unions in WWI to WW2?

A
  • Increased during WW1 as need for production
  • Factory owners more accepting
  • Introduced (NWLB) - 8 hours work a day / workers cant strike
  • Economic boom - wages rise
  • Yellow dog contracts - cant join union
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5
Q

What was Position of Unions after WW2?

A
  • Saw many strikes
  • Decline as deemed ‘too powerful’
  • Unions seen as less important
  • Workers had paid holiday, pensions etc
  • Advancement in tech meant demand for more skilled workers
  • Increase in Women Workers
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6
Q

What was the Position of Unions in 1980-1992?

A

-By end unions being attacked by Government and the public
Declined because
-Size of factories, work harder to unionise
-Employers now gave welfare provisions
-Number of female and White collar workers grew

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7
Q

What were the Labour rights during periods of Economic Growth?

A
  • Growth resulted in increased demand for workers
  • Growth allowed employers to pressure employers
  • such as increasing pay, better conditions etc
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8
Q

Labour rights in the Gilded Age?

A
  • Growth in demand massively boosted Guilded Age
  • Increased demand for Unions - esp. Unskilled Workers
  • Union Membership grew by 500,000 by 1900
  • Divided labour - Craft unions hate due to hatred of unskilled workers
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9
Q

Labour rights in the 1920s?

A
  • Period after WW1 saw a growth in demand for consumer goods
  • Real wages rose, workers taken on
  • Employers forced to recognise unions
  • Limited as Employers seeked - Welfare Capitalism
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10
Q

Labour rights in the 1950s?

A
  • Economic Boom saw real wages rise again
  • Also working buy consumer goods
  • ASWELL AS 1920
  • position of workers did not improve
  • rising prosperity meant many people did not care about unions
  • Decline in blue collar workers
  • Workers in service industries forced non-sign agreements
  • Women less inclination to join
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11
Q

Labour rights during periods of depression?

A
  • Workers vulnerable because of high rates of unemployment

- Government desperate to get people back to work

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12
Q

Economic change and impact on Unions?

A
  • Mass production(MP) and new industries
  • MP threatened position of skilled workers led to division
  • New technology = decline in blue collar workers
  • Growth of White collar, white women decrease TU
  • 1970/80s decline due to more white collars,
  • high unemployment smaller industries
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13
Q

Government attitude to Trade Unions?

A
  • Adopted Laissez-Faire style

- Usually let capitalism happen

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14
Q

The Sherman Anti-trust act 1890?

A
  • Gov. restricted monopolies

- Large comps. able to control trade

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15
Q

The Pullman Strike 1894?

A
  • Railroad strike due to economic depression

- Pullman cut wages by quarter, 1/3 redundant

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16
Q

How did Government interfere with Pullman Strike?

A
  • Supported employers first offering injunctions
  • stopped any interfering with money in mail
  • Cleveland sent troops to destroy strike
  • Supreme court made strike illegal
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17
Q

Lochner v. New York 1905?

A
  • Limit number of hours bakers could work

- Rejected by Supreme Court

18
Q

Aim of Gov. action during WW1

A
  • To maintain production

- NWLB set up to negotiate with unions about wages etc

19
Q

The Clayton Antitrust Act

A
  • Limited use of injunctions

- Allowed peaceful picketing

20
Q

New Deal impact on Fed Gov actions

A
  • Legislations to get people back to work

- Give workers rights to organise TU

21
Q

Positives of Legislations in New Deal

A
  • Allowed close shops
  • Stopped employers using blacklists
  • Established minimum wage
22
Q

Second World War affect on Fed Gov. action to TU’s

A
  • Ensure production
  • Reestablished NWLB
  • Government DID NOT sympathise with workers like in ww1
23
Q

Post War Fed Gov. attitudes on TU’s

A
  • Republican victory on 1946
  • Changed views on unions (too much power)
  • believed ‘hotbeds of communism
24
Q

Taft Harley Act 1947

A

-Reduced trade unions power

25
Q

1960s and 1970s Fed Govt. attitudes on TU’s

A
  • Improved workers conditions
  • Equal Pay Act 1963
  • Civil Rights Act 1964
  • Economic Opportunity Act 1964
  • Age Discrimination Act 1968
26
Q

Impact of Reagan on Fed. Govt attitudes on TU’s

A

-Aimed to remove restrictions that hindered industry

27
Q

Why was the World Wars good for workers and data to show members increased

A
  • more advancement in position and rights
  • WW1 - 1916 - 2.7 million
  • WW1 - 1920 - 5 million
  • WW2 - 1940 - 8.9 million
  • WW2 - 1945 - 14.8 million
28
Q

National War Labour Board (NWLB) impact during WW1?

A
  • WW1, recognised unions as representing workers
  • workers right to join unions - no strike policy
  • Reduced working hours to 8
29
Q

National War Labour Board (NWLB) impact during WW2?

A
  • Strengthened even more
  • halted immigration (shortage of labour)
  • Allowed minorites (AA, Women) jobs
30
Q

Long term impact on wars for Employers

A
  • Employers wanted to get their rights back
  • 1919-20 - 4 million involved in strikes
  • 1946-47 - 4.5 million involved in strikes
  • Temporary changes for workers
31
Q

3 Categories workers were split into

A
  • Skilled n Unskilled
  • Ethnic
  • Gender
32
Q

CIO aims

A

-Give unskilled workers representation

33
Q

Decline on Blue/White collar workers impact on unions in 1950s

A
  • White collar less likely to join unions and willing to sign no strike agreements
  • Weakening unions
34
Q

Ethnic Divisions impact on unions

A
  • 1865 - workers concerned on threat of AA on jobs

- AA source of cheap labour - exploited - weakened unions

35
Q

Philip Randolph on trade unions

A

-Set up own union due to racist attitudes

36
Q

Molly Maguires 1873

A
  • Act of violence by assault on striking minors on railroads

- reluctance to join unions due to this

37
Q

Haymarket Affair 1886

A
  • Policemen killed
  • trouble blamed on German immigrants
  • Division and led to suspicion on white immigrants
38
Q

Homestead Act 1892

A
  • lasted 143 days
  • battle between strikers and National Detective agency
  • Frick got stabbed
  • Led to major decrease in unions
  • Made employers suspicious in granting union rights
39
Q

Response by employers due to Violence of unions

A
  • Homestead Act - locked out workers/brought in militia
  • Pullman Strike - federal troops called in
  • Henry Ford - Used guards
40
Q

Chavez and Unionisation of Farm Workers

A
  • 1972 established UFW
  • non violence strategies won support
  • Won better conditions for Wages for lettuce and grape growers
41
Q

Data to show union membership

A
  • 1910 - 2,100,000
  • 1980 - 19,843,000
  • 1990 - 16,740,000

A level History (21 decks)

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