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A level History > Civil Rights - Native Americans > Flashcards

Civil Rights - Native Americans Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Native American positions 1865-1992?(Overview)

A
  • made little progression improving quality of life

- latter ages achieved bits in ‘self determination’

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2
Q

What were the Indian Plains?

A
  • Area between Appalachian and Rocky Mountains
  • Known as ‘Great Plains’
  • Nomadic
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3
Q

Lifestyle of Native Americans

A
  • Worshipped Nature
  • Own tribal laws and Govt.
  • Own languages
  • Own Culture and Ceremonies
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4
Q

What did Native Americans want

A
  • preserve their customs and laws

- wanted right to self determination

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5
Q

Threat to Native Americans

A
  • threats due to Manifest Destiny

- Government wanted to assimilate them into whiter society

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6
Q

1830 Removal Act effect

A

-Moving tribes from Alabama, Florida to OKC

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7
Q

3 Threats to Native Americans

A
  • White men on plains to discover Gold
  • Hunting of Buffalo - led to them being dependent on food
  • Building of railroads across plains
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8
Q

Result of the Threats to Native Americans

A
  • Caused them to give up land

- Unable to resist advance of white settlers

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9
Q

The Plain Wars 1862-68 cause

A
  • Government did not provide NA with food
  • Violence broke out
  • New troops deployed on plains had little interest in NA
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10
Q

4 Treaties which made Native Americans hand over land

A
  • Fort Laramie 1851, 1868

- Fort Wise 1861

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11
Q

Homestead Act 1862

A

-Gave farmers 160-acre plot if farmed on for 5 years

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12
Q

Effect of the Homestead Act 1862 on NA?

A

-brought 20,000 settlers onto plains

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13
Q

How did Loss of Land effect Native Americans?

A
  • they had given away land
  • Buffalo nearly extinct due to hunting
  • Not always Govt. support
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14
Q

Progress of Native American rights by 1865-1914

A

-This period involved Government trying to assimilate NA

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15
Q

How did assimilation take place during years 1865-1914

A
  • Reservation Policy
  • Education
  • Conversion to Christianity
  • Dawes Act (NA into Farmers)
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16
Q

What was the Reservation Policy?

A
  • Forbidding Polygamy
  • Forbidding Herbal remedies
  • Abolishing tribal laws
  • Ending communal living
  • Ending Powers of Tribal chief
  • Children sent to Boarding schools
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17
Q

Positive and Negative of Reservation Policy

A

+ Still kept together in a community

- Prevented NA moving freely and govt. enforced policies

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18
Q

What was the Dawes Severalty Act 1887?

A
  • divided Reservations into allotments

- turned NA into Land Owners and Citizens (farmers)

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19
Q

negatives of Dawes Severalty Act 1887?

A
  • Undermined NA tradition and beliefs
  • Many NA unable to farm due to conditions
  • Sold food to white people
  • NA lost identity and Pride
  • Dependent on Govt. food
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20
Q

What occurred to the Land given to NA by Govt. in Dawes S Act

A

-Taken away

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21
Q

Lone vs Hitchcock 1903

A
  • Upheld rights of congress to revoke all treaties made with NA
  • Take away more land
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22
Q

1914-45 Progress of Native Americans

A
  • Over two WWs
  • NAs granted citizenship
  • Gains not want NA wanted
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23
Q

Indian Citizenship Act 1924

A
  • Extended the right to vote
  • Most didn’t want citizenship
  • Also banned traditional dances
24
Q

What did Govt. hope Indian Citizenship Act achieve

A
  • Did not really care about Political rights of NA

- Wanted to speed up Assimilation

25
Q

Meriam Report 1928

A
  • Concluded that NA schools were underfunded and understaffed
  • NA most impoverished people in the country
26
Q

which Act in Roosevelt’s New Deal had massive effect on Native Americans?

A

-Wheeler Howard Act/Indian Reorganisation Act introduced in 1934

27
Q

What was the Wheeler-Howard Act, 1934?

A
  • Right to practise religion
  • Right to undertake ceremonial dances
  • Ability to prevent sale of their land to individuals
  • Extension of Political Rights to women
28
Q

Effect of Wheeler-Howard Act?

A
  • Improved conditions on reservations
  • Building of schools
  • Encouraged women to take up education
  • Ended Allotment Policy
29
Q

1945-1969 Native American Progress?

A

-Post WW2 saw considerable worsening of NA due to policy of Termination

30
Q

What was the Policy of Termination 1953?

A
  • Speed up Assimilation

- Encouraged to move to cities

31
Q

Effect of Policy of Termination 1953?

A
  • difficult and unable to adapt
  • Those moved to cities in worst conditions
  • 50% returned to reservations
  • NA unemployment rate 18%
  • Life expectancy 44 years
32
Q

How did NA try to make life better from Termination policy?

A
  • Set up Ghettoes in cities

- Witnessed growth of civil rights

33
Q

1969-1992 Native American Progress?

A
  • NA able to regain some land

- education improved

34
Q

Problems with Restoration of Land?

A
  • Slow Process
  • not all land restored
  • Offered compensation
35
Q

How was religion treated towards NA in latter decades?

A
  • Religion restored
  • Able to worship freely
  • Thirty State Laws - protection of burial and remains
36
Q

How was Society and Culture of NA in the latter decades?

A
  • Negotiated with Bureau of Indian Affairs
  • Aimed to take responsibility for health, education and social service provision
  • Gained recognition from Govt. to live their culture
  • Education and Funding cut
37
Q

Self Determination after 1960s?

A
  • More focused on this rather then assimilation
  • Population of NA
  • 800,000 in 1970
  • 1.7Million in 1990
38
Q

Reasons for federal Govt. hindering Progress of NA

A
  • Belief in Manifest destiny and Encouragement settlement undermined Acts Homestead. Wanted Assimilation
  • Allotment policy seen as improving position of NA but no impact on tradition
  • Reservation policy led to Govt. controlling tribes
  • Whenever had economic problems in country, reduced NA aid
39
Q

Which Presidency had NA rights progressed the most?

A
  • Roosevelt
  • Johnson
  • Ford
  • Carter
  • Nixon
40
Q

Roosevelt effect on Native Americans?

A

-New Deal helped preserve NA culture

41
Q

Johnson effect on Native Americans?

A

-Showed NA as ‘forgotten Americans’

42
Q

Nixon effect on Native Americans?

A
  • Built on Johnson’s ideas
  • Improved Education - Indian Education Act 1972
  • Some NA had self determination again
  • Some lost land returned to tribes
43
Q

Ford effect on Native Americans?

A

-Indian Self determination act, 1975

44
Q

Carter effect on Native Americans?

A
  • Native American Religious freedom Act, 1975

- Indian child Welfare act, 1978

45
Q

What period saw greatest progress of NA?

A

-1970-78

46
Q

Supreme Court attitudes on Native Americans, early years up to 1930s

A
  • End of 19th Century = supported NA rights

- Start of 20th Century = revoke all treaties and lose land

47
Q

Supreme Court attitudes on Native Americans, later years

A
  • 1960 saw much advancement

- Due to Red Power movement

48
Q

5 Cases to develop Supreme Court attitudes

A
  • Oneida vs Madison counties, 1974
  • Fisher vs Montana, 1976
  • Sioux vs US, 1980
  • Seminole vs Butterworth, 1982
  • Charrier vs Bell, 1986
49
Q

Oneida vs Madison counties, 1974

A
  • Oneida tribe sued counties

- successful as land returned

50
Q

Fisher vs Montana, 1976

A

-gave tribal courts right to decide on adoption

51
Q

Sioux vs US, 1980

A
  • Sioux tribe won compensation for loss of lands

- rejected it as wanted return of lands

52
Q

Seminole vs Butterworth, 1982

A

-Seminole allowed to establish gambling premises on lands even though went against state law

53
Q

Charrier vs Bell, 1986

A

-remains dug from burials belonged to NA, helped protect grounds

54
Q

Effect of Native American Divisions?

A
  • Lead to not united against Govt. - e.g. plain wars when tribes fought against each other
  • Some tribes made treaties with Govt.
  • NA spread out, lacked agreed aim
55
Q

WW2 effect on Native Americans

A
  • establishment of NCAI brought number of tribes together
  • made aware of racism and discrimination
  • Pressure on Govt. to improve rights

A level History (21 decks)

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