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Civil Rights - Protest Culture Flashcards

1
Q

What is populuxe?

A

A time when everyone can afford to live in some measure of luxury

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2
Q

What was the economic situation in America 1945-60?

A

Period of low inflation.

America’s gross national product grew from $300,000 million to $500,000 million.

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3
Q

What was the economic situation for the working class during the period 1945-60?

A

Labour unions used their power to negotiate excellent deals for their members so the wages for production workers grew by 70%

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4
Q

What was the Great Depression?

A

A period of worldwide economic crisis from 1929-45

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5
Q

How did the affluence during the period impact on whites’ view of blacks

A

Made the middle classes feel more secure with money and therefore less anxious about greater opportunities for black people

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6
Q

How did the affluence during this period impact on youths?

A

‘Baby boomers’ (born after the war) were better educated and hadn’t experienced poverty. They were less materialistic and more interested in politics. Therefore they were more willing to contemplate making sacrifices for a good cause.
Expressed in counterculture and liberal politics (idealism of Kennedy’s presidency)

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7
Q

What was the failure of liberalism?

A

Kennedy and Johnson, who both spoke of a fairer society, were not able to deliver the reform that idealistic young Americans wanted.
Kennedy: slow to act on civil rights
Johnson: sidetracked by Vietnam

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8
Q

What was the impact of the Vietnam war on young idealists who had initially supported Kennedy and Johnson

A

It alienated them

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9
Q

Give a statistic about the growth of media culture in the 50s and 60s

A

By 1960, 90% of Americans owned a television and watched news, programmes and adverts

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10
Q

What was mass culture in regards to modern media?

A

The original diverse culture in America being dominated by the media, filling the minds of Americans with worthless ideas and distracting them from real issues, such as poverty.

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11
Q

What was Corporate Culture?

A

The dominance of large companies in America changing American culture:
Traditionally, American culture stressed independence and individualism, but big businesses valued loyalty and conformity

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12
Q

What was the impact of Corporate culture on youths?

A

Conformity to big businesses was unattractive to American youth and was one of the reasons why they turned to protest

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13
Q

What was the ‘other America?’

A

The groups in society who did not benefit from the economic boom (e.g blacks and the elderly). American society had become richer but not more equal

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14
Q

Who made up America’s counter culture?

A

Hippies
Black Panthers
Feminists
Peaceniks

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15
Q

What were the 2 essential beliefs across America’s counterculture in the 1960s?

A
  1. America was corrupt (politicians didn’t really believe in peace, justice and freedom.) In reality America was an unfree and unjust society and those in power wanted to keep it that way
  2. Traditional political institutions (political parties) could not deliver radical change. Consequently they followed black activists and took their protests to the streets
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16
Q

What was a peacenik?

A

Term of abuse used to describe an anti-war campaigner

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17
Q

How did Disney advocate America’s counterculture?

A
  • Rock music (Mickey Mouse Club)
  • Latin/African dancing
  • Trippy psychedelia
  • Young rebels (Robin Hood)
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18
Q

What was the influence of rock ‘n’ roll on counterculture?

A
  • Elvis Presley style was mixed black gospel and blues music with white-southern country music. Advocated sex and drugs
  • The Beatles - influenced by hallucinogenic drugs
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19
Q

What were the Beatniks?

A

A counterculture movement among young people in the late 50s and early 60s. They encouraged drugs, sex, philosophy and poetry. They rejected the ‘square’ (mainstream culture) and rebelled against it by switching gender tole stereotypes (boys had long her, girls had short hair)

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20
Q

Who were the Hippies?

A 
Most prominent feature of counterculture in mid 60s. Refuges set up for young people who had run away from home, free food stores, free transport, free healthcare, free concerts. Drugs and liberated sex was encouraged, free LSD produced.
In favour of more natural culture. Largely from middle class backgrounds
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21
Q

What were the New Left Groups?

A

Political groups who campaigned for a more equal distribution of wealth in America. They were in favour of communism and socialism

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22
Q

What was the first New Left group?

A

Students for a Democratic Society
Formed at University of Michigan in 1960
Advocated economic equality, where the economy should provide a good life for all people rather than making a profit

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23
Q

What was the second New Left group?

A

Free Speech Movement (FSM)

Critical of American society and the University of California forbidding political leaflets

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24
Q

How many soldiers were fighting in Vietnam in 1968?

A

550,000

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25
What percentage of soldiers in Vietnam came from working class backgrounds?
80%
26
What were the years that America was involved in the Vietnam War?
1945-75
27
Why was the Vietnam War unpopular?
- Death rate - The Draft - Unfair Draft (wealthy whites could avoid it through uni) - Racist war (white American govt. sought to conquer an Asian country) - Tactics (air force bombing raids killing innocent Vietnamese)
28
When was the first anti-war rally?
April 1965 in Washington D.C.
29
How did the anti-war movement gain respect?
Through teach-ins (cancelled lectures when staff and students debate the war). Many prominent academics participated
30
What was the black involvement in the anti-war movement?
- SNCC involved in the teach-ins | - King spoke out against the war
31
How many 20 year old men had been called to fight in the war by 1968?
one-third of them
32
What was the effect of the Draft on young men?
It radicalised them and so the SDS' membership rose drastically
33
Who were the Yippies?
Group who oppose the war. Overlapped counterculture and political activism. They had no leader and no hierarchy (rejected authority) Helped to organise the anti-war march of the Pentagon 1967
34
What was the impact of the anti-war movement on society?
Failed to persuade the American people that the Vietnam war was unjust (majority still 'hawks' - belief in violence to achieve political aims)
35
What was the impact of the anti-war movement on the government?
Rather than with-drawing troops, Johnson admitted more
36
What was the impact of the anti-war movement on the media?
Failed to persuade it to criticise the war. Generally supported the war effort and refused to broadcast upsetting footage.
37
When did the counterculture fade away?
1970
38
What was women's opinion on 'sexual liberation' advocated by the hippies?
Lost its appeal after it turned to sexual exploitation
39
What did Liberal feminism address?
Economic issues
40
What did Radical feminism address?
Female identity and domestic & sexual relationships
41
What were the Liberal feminists 3 major economic concerns in the 1960s?
Employment opportunities Income Unpaid work
42
What percentage of married mothers had any kind of paid employment in 1960?
30%
43
What was the annual income for women in comparison to men in the 60s?
men: $27,000 women: $15,000
44
What percentage of America's unpaid work were women responsible for?
79%
45
How did feminists address the issues they faced in the 60s?
Campaigned for an Equal Rights Act that would outlaw sexual discrimination in terms of hiring and pay
46
What were feminists' views toward female identity?
A woman's identity is defined by men; their lives and identities are focussed on their husbands and their children. This would be resolved through further education and greater involvement in work
47
What was Ti-Grace Atkinson's views towards female identity?
Female inequality is rooted in heterosexual relationships; they are patriarchal and force women to be submissive. She advocated celibacy, lesbianism and female separatism
48
What was Kennedy's response to feminist campaigning?
He set up the Presidential Commission on the status of women (Kennedy Commission). But was not very proactive
49
What were the 3 main reasons for the growth in feminist movements in the late 1960s?
- SNCC and CORE expelling white members (the focussed on other issues; feminism) - Some important women in civil rights (Jo Ann Robinson) inspired women to become politically proactive - Anti-war movement was male-dominated (radical women began to organise new groups)
50
Who set up the National Organisation for Women (NOW)?
Betty Friedan
51
What did NOW campaign for?
An Equal Rights Amendment, changing the American Constitution guaranteeing equal rights to men and women
52
What were NOW's legal victories by 1967?
- Executive Order outlawing sexual discrimination in companies working for the government - Johnson appointed 50 women to top government posts
53
Who were NYRW?
New York Radical Women (third wave feminist group)
54
Was the Executive order for women's rights effective?
Resulted in sexual equality in the workplace, but did not give women a better status or pay
55
How successful was the NYRW?
Their pro-abortion campaigns did not lead to abortion laws being relaxed
56
How was female separatism perceived by women?
They did not like it and thought it would be impossible to achieve
57
What were the problems faced by Hispanic Americans?
- Only employed seasonally during the harvests - Lack of full-time employment and low wages meant they lived in extreme poverty - Many white's believed they earned little because they were lazy - Farming unions had no legal protection (couldn't fight the injustice)
58
Who was the leading campaigner for Chicano rights?
César Chavez
59
What were César Chavez's views towards injustice?
Roman Catholic and so did not believe in violence
60
What was the NFWA?
National Farm Workers Association
61
What was Chavez/s strategies for the NFWA?
- Establish a union to provide welfare support for Chicano workers - Organise a national campaign to gain greater economic rights for Chicano farm workers
62
When was the NFWA founded?
1962
63
What was the NFWA's progress 1962-65?
- Set up credit union (borrow money) | - Insurance scheme
64
Who were the AWOC?
Agricultural Workers Organising Committee
65
What was La Huelga?
A strike lasting 5 years involving over 10,000 farm workers, beginning in 1965
66
What did the NFWA and AWOC form to create?
the United Farm Workers (UFW)
67
What were Chavez's strategies during La Huelga?
- Attract media attention and expose the appalling conditions that Chicano and Filipino workers had to endure. - Organised a pilgrimage from vineyards to offices in California. - He fasted for 25 days - Boycotted Californian grapes
68
What were the achievements of the UFW?
- strikes and boycotts effective but took time - 1970 workers had to enforce nation minimum wage - Passage of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act 1975 (agricultural unions legal rights)
69
What was MAPA and why was it formed?
Mexican American Political Association | Created to encourage Mexican Americans to register to vote, and to support Mexican Americans running for public office
70
What was the YCCA and why was it formed?
young Chicanos for Community Action Campaigned for better education and employment practices for Chicanos in Los Angeles. Involved in the Chicano blowouts 1968 (school walkouts demanding higher standard of schooling for Hispanic students)
71
Why did the Hispanic American protests never reach the publicity and success of the black protestors?
- Hispanic Americans only 6% of American population (blacks = 12%) - Federal government less sympathetic to Hispanics (lower numbers and voter registration = less voting power, political influence) - Hispanic American movement fragmented (Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans) different political and cultural views
72
How was Native American Politics governed?
Had their own police forces, law courts and tribal councils but reservations were managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs
73
What was the impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on Native Americans?
Outlawed racial discrimination within employment, so Native Americans gained a legally-defensible right to be treated fairly in the workplace.
74
What was Johnson's contribution to Native American Civil Rights?
Education Act 1965 catered for Native Americans by establishing the National Advisory Council on Indian Education to increase literacy rates. Founded National Council on Indian Opportunity (tackled alcoholism, healthcare discrimination and raising vocational training)
75
What were the 2 main campaign groups representing Native Americans in the 1960s?
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) | National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
76
What was Eisenhower's contribution towards Native American Civil Rights?
Policy of 'termination' (ending the special legal status of the Native American Tribes). Designed to force Native Americans to become part of the mainstream American culture in the hope that integration would solve their problems
77
What was the American Indian Chicago Conference?
Proposed reversing Eisenhower's policy and developing power from ventral government to local tribal leaders. Was highly influential

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