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Civil Rights - Black Power Flashcards

1
Q

What did Malcolm X leave the Nation of Islam to form?

A

Organisation of African-American Unity (OAAU)

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2
Q

What was the message of Black Power?

A

Racial pride. It was the formation of black political and cultural organisations in order to endure black liberation and autonomy

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3
Q

What were the foundations and beliefs of the Nation of Islam?

A

Founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad who believed that the first humans created by God were black but through selective breeding white people emerged and enslaved the blacks. This idea, which asserts the superiority of blacks, is called black supremacism. Fard believed in separatism (blacks choosing to live on their own, having a self-governing all-black state in the territory of North America)

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4
Q

What was the Nation of Islam’s message to black men?

A

To clean themselves up and do something for themselves to work hard and stay dignified (don’t break the law)

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5
Q

Outline Malcolm X’s early life

A

Extremely disadvantaged: Black Legion killed his father when he was 6 and his mother suffered a nervous breakdown so he went into foster care. He dropped out of school and moved to New York where he got involved in criminal activity and went to prison for 10 years.

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6
Q

How did Malcolm X get involved with the Nation of Islam?

A

In prison he was deeply effected by the Nation of Islam’s message and became highly self-disciplined. After his release from prison in 1952 he became a significant influence and could relate to working class black men. Between 1952 and 1953 membership of the Detroit Temple tripled due to his influence. He got more responsibility due to his influence.

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7
Q

What did Malcolm X call MLK?

A

‘twentieth-centry Uncle Tom’ (someone who doesn’t stand up for their rights and who has a slavish attitude)

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8
Q

What did Malcolm X say about civil rights organisations?

A

He said that the SCLC and NAACP were taken in by the American Dream and trusted the American system, and therefore would never be able to set black people free.

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9
Q

What did Malcolm X accuse MLK of doing?

A

Claimed that he was being paid by the white government to preach Christianity love and forgiveness, preventing black people from fighting their own battles

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10
Q

What were Malcolm X’s original views on integration?

A

Saw it as bringing in a new form of slavery. In the North it had led to an underclass of black people who were addicted to drugs and wasted their money on gambling, alcohol and prostitution. He said this was a trap set by the whites to prevent the improvement of black life

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11
Q

What is meant by black nationalism?

A
  • Political Black Nationalism: black people governing themselves
  • Economic Black Nationalism: black people controlling the economy within their community

Only possible in a black community that excluded white people

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12
Q

What were Malcolm X’s views towards violence?

A

Believed non-violent strategies emphasised the stereotype of blacks being weak and defenceless and that white racists (the government) didn’t respect peaceful protest and it could not bring about substantial change. He said it was impossible to love someone who has beaten/raped/killed you/your race.
He argued self defence was a natural and empowering response to hatred. He said that black Americans should liberate themselves ‘by all means necessary’

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13
Q

Why did Malcolm X leave the Nation of Islam?

A

His fame made Muhammed jealous and some of his statements embarrassed him (e.g JFK’s assassination at ‘chickens coming home to roost’). Led to tensions so Malcolm X left.

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14
Q

When did Malcolm X leave the Nation of Islam?

A

March 1964

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15
Q

What was the message of the OAAU?

A

Drew links between white oppression in American and the anti-colonial struggle in Africa. Aimed to organise and re-educate black Americans to gain economic security for black people across the world

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16
Q

What did the OAAU organise?

A
  • Voter registration campaigns
  • School boycotts where black education was bad
  • Rent strikes were housing was bad
  • Social programmed to help drug addicts
  • Published textbooks to re-educate blacks
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17
Q

What were Malcolm X’s latter views towards Integration?

A
  • 1964 speech ‘The Ballot or the Bullet’ he advocated working within the political system to elect black politicians.
  • He showed willingness to work with CORE and SNCC to improve black conditions.
  • After his Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) he saw integration in harmony, leading him to embrace the idea of integration in America
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18
Q

How and when did Malcolm X die?

A

February 1965

Shot 15 times by members of the Nation of Islam ordered by Muhammed

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19
Q

What happened after Malcolm X died?

A

The OAAU collapsed, but many of its aims became central to other radical groups, particularly the SNCC and the Black Panther Party.

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20
Q

What was Malcolm X’s significance?

A

His ability to express the feelings of America’s black working class

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21
Q

What were the main sources of tension within the Civil Rights Movement?

A
  • Disagreements over methods
  • Disagreements over goals
  • Personality clashes
  • Jealousy and rivalry over media attention, public recognition
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22
Q

Who were the moderate civil rights groups and why were they moderate?

A

NAACP
NUL
Due to their commitment to work through the courts and their willingness to work with America’s white population.

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23
Q

Who were the radical groups and why were they radical?

A

CORE
SNCC
Because the advocated self defence

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24
Q

What group was criticised by both the radicals and the moderates and why?

A

MLK and the SCLC

Moderates thought they were too radical, radicals attacked them for being too moderate

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25
What were the 4 major issues leading to splits in the movement?
- Use of violence - Extent to which blacks and whites should collaborate - How far de jure change could lead to de facto change - Extent to which blacks should want integration
26
What made the SNCC commit to self-defense tactics?
Shooting of James Meredith in 1966 Stokely Carmichael said it underlined the need for blacks to use violence to defend themselves. 1968 he proposed using violence against the US government.
27
Who was CORE's leader 1942-66 and why did he resign?
James Farmer | Resigned due to CORE's increasing radicalism
28
What were the moderate groups' views towards collaboration?
Believed it would make the movement stronger and welcomed white members
29
What were the radical groups' views towards collaboration?
Saw it as dangerous. Believed that blacks should liberate themselves. Said that whites couldn't understand the experiences of black people or the problems that they faced.
30
Who was Stokely Carmichael?
Leader of the SNCC
31
What were Stokely Carmichael's views towards Integration?
That traditional campaigns such as the Brown Case only changed education for a minority of blacks. In order to address this, black people needed to campaign for control over local schools in order to ensure a high standard of education for black students
32
What were some civil rights campaigners' views towards King?
That he dominated the movement and was a glory seeker who used campaigns to make a name for himself and that he was controlled by the white government
33
What were the SNCC's criticisms of King?
King suggested that SNCC should become the 'student wing' of SCLC but they wanted to remain independent. They saw him at treating them as just junior partners
34
What were CORE's criticisms of King?
Felt King was not supportive of their campaigns, e.g not playing a big enough role in the Freedom Rides 1961
35
What competition was there for media attention?
Groups thought that King dominated the media attention. CORE's James Farmer wanted media attention in Freedom Rides. SNCC wanted media attention for Freedom Summer campaign.
36
Why was media attention so important to the Civil Rights Groups?
Essential to raising funds and increase the membership of their organisations. Raise awareness both nationally and internationally
37
What were radical groups' views towards working with the government?
Felt the government had failed to protect protestors during the civil rights campaigns
38
What were the disagreements between Civil Rights groups in 1966?
SNCC didn't want to work with NAACP and NUL due to their conservatism and willingness to work with white lawyers and politicians
39
What were the moderate groups' views towards to Vietnam war?
Supported it because they believed that any criticism would split the civil rights campaigners and the government, slowing down progress towards racial justice
40
What were the radical groups' views towards the Vietnam war?
Saw it as a racial war between the white American government and the Asian people of Vietnam and were critical of it.
41
What were King's views towards the Vietnam war?
Initially refused to criticise it, leading to criticism from radical groups. But later spoke against it as it went against his commitment to peace. His public rejection of the war heightened tensions between King and NAACP
42
Who was the head of NUL and what did he do?
Whitney Young | Collaborated with King and Farmer on March on Washington and worked with Presidents such as Nixon
43
What was Whitney young's views towards tensions in the Civil Rights Movement?
Saw them as positive because when Malcolm X or Carmichael criticised NUL it became easier to work with white politicians and business leaders because it showed them that NUL were respectable and moderate, separate from the radical groups
44
What were the negative effects of tensions within the Civil Rights Movement?
- Damaged King's reputation | - Radicals refused to work with Moderates which meant it was hard to organise national campaigns
45
Where was King's weaknesses evident?
Watt riots 1965, when the crowds ignored his plea for an end to the violence
46
Summarise the reasons for the breakdown of the civil rights coalition
- Radicalisation of CORE and SNCC - Growing influence of Malcolm X - Culture of the Northern Ghettos - Government authorities becoming more experienced at dealing with nonviolent protest
47
When was the Black Panther Party formed?
15 October 1966
48
Who founded the Black Panther Party
Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale
49
Why was the Black Panther Party formed?
To organise the black working class. | It focussed on 2 aspects of black liberation: self-defence and economic improvements
50
What was the goal of the Black Panther Party and how did they address it?
To improve conditions in Northern ghettos They organised campaigns to demand government investment in black neighbourhoods, and set up welfare schemes to help improve black lives in the north.
51
What was the Ten-Point Programme and what did it address?
Aims of the BPP Adressed: -economic needs (healthcare, housing, employment, end to economic exploitation) -Safety and defence of black people -Release of black people from prisons (based on the idea that Blacks couldn't get a fair trial)
52
What was the ideology of the Black Panthers?
- Nationalism combined with anti-colonialism, uniting all oppressed people around the world. - Argued violence was essential in the struggle against colonial oppression. - Belief no freedom could be achieved under capitalism, only through revolution of the working class
53
What were the methods used by the Black Panthers?
'Patrol the Pigs' | Survival Programmes
54
What was the 'Patrol the Pigs' programme?
Began in Oakland. Designed to keep police under surveillance to protect blacks from the abuse of police power. Any time the police arrested a black, Black Panther patrols would observe the incident. It highlighted police abuses and educated blacks regarding their legal rights
55
What was the Californian state government's response to the 'Patrol the Pigs' campaign?
Attempted to ban Black Panther patrols which gained them media attention
56
What was the success of the Black Panther Party by 1967?
had 35 different local groups across 15 states
57
What triggered a change in BPP approach?
Newton's arrest in 1967
58
What was the BPP approach in 1968?
Emphasised welfare programmes rather than confrontations with the police. Launched 'survival programmes'
59
What was the aim of 'survival programmes' in 1968 launched by the Black Panthers?
To improve the lives of African Americans living in Northern ghettos
60
What did the survival programmes involve?
- Free breakfast for School children programme - Free health clinics - Free 'liberation schools'
61
Who funded the 'survival programmes'?
Local black business people | Celebrities such as Jimi Hendrix
62
What was the success of the free breakfast campaign in the survival programmes?
By 1969 had expanded from Oakland to feed over 10,000 children each school day
63
What did the health clinics in the survival programmes involve?
Offered tests for conditions predominantly affecting black people such as the blood condition sickle cell disease. Offered emergency medical care and contraception advice.
64
What was the success of the health clinics in survival programmes by 1974?
There were 200 free clinics across the USA which treated over 200,000 people a year
65
What were the liberation schools in the survival programmes?
Aimed to empower black by teaching them about the struggles, actions and past achievements of black people, giving them a sense of identity. Went from admitting just adults to children also, providing academic support
66
What was the success of the Black Panther Party by 1968?
While only having 5000 official members, there was an estimated readership of 1 million of their newspaper.
67
What was the FBI's view towards to Black Panthers?
Predicted a radical black leader would emerge and unite all radical groups leading to a violent revolution against the American government
68
What was involved in the FBI's 'dirty tricks' campaign?
- Telephone tapping - bugging offices and homes of leading BPP members - arrests and infiltration to weaken and destroy the movement - forged death threat letters to the government
69
What was the effect of the FBI's 'dirty tricks' campaign on the BPP party?
Loss of support | Increase in arrests which meant the party spend money on legal fees, negatively effecting the 'survival programmes'
70
What were the disagreements within the Black Panther Party?
- Newton emphasised 'survival programmes', whereas Cleaver remained committed to militancy. - Female members opposed the macho image of the party and didn't like Cleaver (a convicted rapist)
71
What the the female role in the Black Panther Party?
Essential for running the health and education 'survival programmes'
72
What was the overall impact of the Black Panther Party?
'Patrol the Pigs' and 'survival programmes' were highly effective, but they never succeeded in ending police racism.
73
Who did the Black Power movement target?
Northern blacks living in ghettos
74
What was SNCC's Free D.C. Movement?
Aimed to bring 'home rule' to the black community of Washington D.C. Started in 1966 with demonstrations against the way the local school were administered. by the end of 1966 blacks had won the right to elect their own school boards.
75
What was SNCC's 'Freedom City' in Mississippi?
Set up the Child Development Group of Mississippi in collaboration with the church, raising $1.5 million for churches and federal government to set up 85 Head Start centres supporting young children. Lasted from 1965-67 and improved many black lives in Mississippi
76
What was the success of the Black Panther's sickle cell anaemia campaign?
Prior to it, little was know about the condition, but the campaign brought it to the nation's attention and in 1972 the government passed the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Control Act, committing government money to the research and treatment of the disease
77
What was Malcolm X's famous quote about slavery?
"The worst crime the white man has committed has been to teach us to hate ourselves"
78
Who emphasised the need for black identity during the Black Power movement?
SNCC Black Panthers Malcolm X
79
How was Black identity important in the Civil Rights movement?
Crucial to the development of self-esteem, independence and pride for many young blacks
80
How was black identity adopted in America?
- People taking up black names - The Afro hairstyle (symbol of black identity) - Use of the term 'black' rather than 'negro' or 'coloured'
81
How was black music impacted by the Black Power movement?
Miles Davis: | Started an all black band, using more non-Western instruments and having black women/African art on his album covers
82
What was the media portrayal of Black Americans as a result of the Black Power movement?
- Use of Black actors in films - Films made about the Black Panthers, showing racial violence 'Sweet Sweetback's Baadassss Song' (1971) - Black athletes gave 'power to the people' salute during 1968 Mexico City Olympics when receiving their medals
83
What was the result following the Black Power movement?
The radicalism and courage of black activists became a model for protestors from all backgrounds. Hispanic, Native Americans and women all adopted their methods to return power to the people.

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