Civil rights in America Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
When were Jim Crow laws set in place?
A
Late 1800s
2
Q
When was the brown v board of education event?
A
1954
3
Q
When was the Montgomery bus boycott?
A
1955
4
Q
When was Little rock (Arkansas)?
A
1957
5
Q
When were the Greensboro sit ins?
A
1960
6
Q
When were the freedom rides?
A
1961
7
Q
When were the Birmingham protests?
A
1963
8
Q
When was the march on Washington?
A
1963
9
Q
When was the 1st civil rights act passed?
A
1964
10
Q
When was Selma?
A
1965
11
Q
When was the ‘voting rights act’ passed?
A
1965
12
Q
Who was the first civil rights act passed by?
A
Johnson
13
Q
Who was the Voting rights act passed by?
A
Johnson
14
Q
When was the National organisation for women set up? (NOW)
A
1966 by Betty Friedon
15
Q
When was MLK assassinated?
A
1968
16
Q
When was the black power fist event?
A
1968 at Mexico Olympics
17
Q
When was the equal acts amendment?
A
1972
18
Q
When was Roe v Wade?
A
1973
19
Q
When was the second civil rights act passed?
A
1968
20
Q
When was the equal pay act?
A
1963
21
Q
When was the Economic opportunities act? And what was it?
A
1964
Improved education & training for disadvantaged youth so they could find work
22
Q
What was the development act? And what did it do?
A
1964
Provided money to remove slum housing
23
Q
When was the Medicare and Medicaid act and what was it?
A
1965
Provided medical insurance for over 65s and hospital care for poor
24
Q
What was Brown V Board of education?
A
Linda brown’s father - Oliver brown took a case to court about his daughter having to go to a black school when they lived near a white one
25
Which group supported the Brown V Board education case? What did they argue?
NAACP
| They argued segregated schools were unequal and went against 'segregated but equal' law
26
Who was in favour of the NAACP in the Brown V Board of education case?
Top judge
27
When did the law pass that all schools had to accept black and white students?
1954
28
How did Brown V Board advance the civil rights movement? (3)
Big step towards overall desegregation
Had been a long time since supreme court favoured integration over segregation
Encouraged NAACP to campaign for desegregation in other areas
29
How did Brown V Board hinder the civil rights movement?(5)
Supreme court put no time frame on when schools had to desegregate - this allowed states to postpone introduction of the law
KKK action increased
White citizen council formed in southern states to defend segregation (250,000 members by 1956)
NACCP faced backlash and were outlawed in Alabama
Decision didn't end segregation anywhere else
30
What happened at the Montgomery bus boycott?
1st Dec-Rosa parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white man.
NACCP arranged boycott of public buses to begin 5th Dec
Bus company lost money
Montgomery Improvement Association started media campaign, extended boycott time and did speeches
Boycott lasted 381 days. Bus company lost 61% of income.
Dec 21st 1956, Segregation made illegal
31
What was the MIA?
Montgomery Improvement Association
32
How many people came to hear MIA first speech (Spoken by MLK)?
10,000-15,000
33
How long did Montgomery bus boycott last?
381 days
34
How much of the bus company's income was lost in the Montgomery bus boycott?
61%
35
When was segregation made illegal across America?
Dec 21st 1956
36
Successes of Montgomery bus boycott?(3)
After bus desegregation so were all transport methods as segregation was outlawed across America
MLK emerged as civil rights leader
Encouraged NAACP to continue campaigns
37
'Failures' of Montgomery bus boycott?(3)
Took a long time
Black community experienced violence - bombings, churches set alight, integrated buses were shot at
MIA's leaders suffered - MLK arrested twice
38
Who was involved in the Montgomery bus boycott? (Main figures)
Rosa parks
| MIA - President of this: MLK
39
What happened at Little rock nine?
NAACP recruited 9 African American students to test school desegregation at Little Rock High
4th September 1957- 9 students attempted to enter but were turned away by armed soldiers. One student (Elizabeth Eckford) was abused by bystanders
24th September 1957 - Students returned protected by 100 army troops sent by Eisenhower. Troops stayed for 6 weeks
40
What were key dates in Little rock nine?
4th September 1957
| 24th September 1957
41
Where was Little rock nine?
Arkansas
42
Successes of Little rock nine?(3)
Eisenhower supported - showed national gov were starting to support civil rights
May 1958, Ernest green became first African American to graduate from little rock high
NAACP successfully challenged states
Education was desegregated
43
'Failures' of Little rock nine?(4)
The 9 students were faced with physical and verbal abuse with death threats towards them and black community
Only 1/9 graduated
1959- Head teacher closed little rock high rather than continue with desegregation
Some say Eisenhower only got involved to challenge state governments
44
When and why did the head teacher close little rock high?
1959
| So they didn't have to continue with integration
45
When did the first student to graduate from little rock high graduate?
May 1958
46
Which group organised little rock nine?
NAACP
47
What was the greensboro sit ins?
4 AA men were refused drinks from woolworth's counter following store policy that only white Americans were allowed to be served.
Staff asked men to leave but they sat there and refused to move despite being abused by whites.
This started similar sit ins against racial store policies.
In July 1960, Woolworths sales dropped so they changed their policy
Total of 50,000 students participated in sit ins.
48
Who led the greensboro sit ins?
CORE
49
When did woolworths change their policy against African Americans?
July 1960
50
How did Greensboro sit ins advance the civil rights movement?(3)
Helped towards desegregation
Gained media attention
Gained help from SNCC
Spread to more than 55 cities in 13 US States
51
How many cities did the sit in idea spread to?
55 in 13 states
52
'Failures' of Greensboro sit ins?
Had little effect until media got involved
53
What was the 'Freedom riders'?
Groups of AA challenged unfair laws that allowed for segregation on buses, they were attacked and beaten while riding buses
54
What did the Freedom riders gain?
Media coverage and support across USA
55
What was the Freedom riders goal?
To highlight racism&discrimination across America
56
How were the Freedom riders treated?
Were attacked by the KKK
57
What did the KKK do to a bus the Freedom riders rode?Where?
In Alabama, bus was set alight and doors held shut by KKK members to stop riders escaping. FR escaped through broken windows
58
What were the successes of the Freedom riders?
Gained a lot of media attention
| Ensured laws couldn't be ignored by state governments
59
What were the 'failures' of the Freedom riders?
Two hundred were arrested and spent 40 days in jail
| Faced some of the worst violence in the civil rights campaigns
60
What happened at Albany?
SNCC staged protest about segregation at Albanys bus centre as segregation still existed there despite the law banning it. Led by locals. Hundreds were arrested by no violence as police didn't want media attention. Albany bus centre refused to desegregate despite pressure from Attorney general, instead they close down parks, swimming pools and libraries
61
Who led the protest at Albany?
SNCC and locals
62
How did Albany help the civil rights campaign?
Attorney General wanted desegregation
63
What were the failures of Albany?
No media attention
| Albany didn't desegregate, it instead closed some facilities down instead
64
Why did MLK do a protest march in Birmingham, Alabama?
As this city still hadn't been desegregated, their police were known to be racist and had links to the KKK
65
What was the aim of the Birmingham march?
Turn media attention to expose Birmingham's policies nationally as MLK knew American and international news would be covering the protest
66
What happened at the protest at Birmingham?
Police in full view of TV cameras, used fire hoses, cattle prods and dogs on peaceful protestors and arrested 1000
67
How many people were arrested at the Birmingham march?
1,000 including children
68
How did newspapers respond to the Birmingham march?
They attacked the violent police so many people across america started to see the unfair racism and discrimination.
69
When did President Kennedy intervene with the Birmingham backlash? What did he do?
May 1963, JFK prompted Governor Wallace to release prisoners, give AA jobs and desegregate and eventually all facilities were desegregated
70
What were the successes of the Birmingham march?(2)
Gained media attention which led to americans seeing unfair racism
Government stepped in
City authorities desegregated all council facilities
71
Why did Kennedy want to concentrate on voting rights?
As more black people in Birmingham so if they all voted they'd vote out white racists
72
What happened at the great march on Washington?
200,000 people (50,000 white) marched on the US Capital demanding equal rights
MLK gave his 'I have a dream speech'
Pressured Kennedy to introduce civil rights bill
No trouble at march, not even litter
73
What were the successes of the March on Washington?(3)
Led to first civil rights act being passed in 1964
| Gained support from black and white Americans
74
When was the great march on Washington?
August 1963
75
Who led Selma and The great march on Washington?
SCLC
76
Why did King want to do a march through Selma?
As he was targeting areas where discrimination was at its worst
77
What happened at Selma?
Authorities banned the original planned march however about 600 went ahead with it anyway (Without MLK) and they were brutally attacked
78
What was Selma known for?
Racist sheriff Jim Clark
79
What was Selma known as?
Bloody sunday
80
How many attempts did it take for protestors to complete the march on Selma?
2-3 attempts
81
Successes of Selma?
Gained media attention which horrified public
82
Failures of Selma?
Protestors were met with violence
83
When did the SNCC become more radical?
When student Stokley Carmichael was elected chairman in 1966
84
What did student Stokley Carmichael do?
Talked in terms of black power, critical of MLK peaceful protests
85
What was black nationalism?
Rejected non-violence of civil rights movement
86
Who were the black panthers?
A political party with around 2,000 members and a small private army
87
What did the black panthers believe?
That blacks should arm themselves and force whites to give them equal rights
88
What did the black panthers do?
Clashed with police, killed 9 between 1967-1769
89
What did 'The nation of Islam' want?
African Americans to rise and build their own state
90
Who led the nation of islam?
Malcom X (originally Malcom little)
91
When did race riots happen?
1965-1967
92
Where did race riots happen? 2 examples
Watts area of Los Angeles
| Detroit
93
What was the cause of race riots?
Because of poor relations between police and african americans
94
Why did black power groups have a negative effect on civil rights?
They got media attention so they were then blamed for race riots and were portrayed as divided from MLK's civil rights
95
What do people argue was a positive effect of black power?
They argue violence sped up pace of change
Inspired new confidence in black culture
Drew attention to problems in ghetto areas
Group black panther kept African Americans in political agenda
96
What was the 1964 Civil rights act?
Made it illegal to discriminate people in housing and employment
97
What was the 1965 Voting rights act?
Allowed states to ensure that boring took place properly and it removed reading tests as a qualification to vote
98
What was the 1968 Civil rights act?
Stopped discrimination in housing based on race, religion, nation of origin or gender
99
Why was the summer of 1964 called 'The freedom summer"?
SCLC encouraged African Americans to vote
100
How many people following 1964 CIVIL Rights act had registered to vote (20 months later)?
430,000
101
What did President Kennedy introduce social reforms as part of?
New Frontier
102
What did 'NOW' want?(5)
19680- Called on gov to ban sex discrimination at work, guarantee maternity leave, offer tax breaks for child care, provide equal education and training, allow access to abortion and contraception
103
What were reasons for slow process towards Women's equality?(6)
1) Changing law didn't equal to changing people's ideas
2) Not all women supported
3) Some women - many middle-class didn't want a change as they were already comfortable
4) Protests against sexist institutions such as men only clubs were ignored
5) Lot of women only cared about things that effected them personally like equal pay act
6) Religion affected peoples views on things like abortion and contraception
104
What did the 1972 Equal Amendments Act do in comparison to Equal pay act?
Tried to fix loop holes as women were still earning 70% of what men earned
105
When did the Supreme Court ensure contraception was legally available to unmarried women?
1972
106
What was Roe v Wade?
The decision the supreme court made for abortion within first 3 months to be legal
107
What did Roe v Wade equal for women?
Gave women more independence and control over their reproductive lives
