Civil Resistance: P1 - 1-19

Question 1

Soweto Uprisings results

Answer 1

• Turning point in SA civil society protest
• Resistance became better organised and spread to all parts of society
• Youth became more militant and fled to join MK and Poqo
• ANC reemerged as the face of the liberation movement
• Intensification of resistance, intl. pressure and economic decline put NP under pressure to reform

Question 2

Repression by Vorster (4)

Answer 2

• Riotous Assemblies Act: banned meetings
• BCM banned
• Leaders detained or killed. SB killed in 1977 in police custody
• Media censored - no reporting on townships

Question 3

Pressure on Botha in 70s (6)

Answer 3

• 70s economic crisis and declining demand for mineral exports with no manufactured goods exports harmed economy
• Demands for higher wages from empowered black workers
• Growth of black urban population
• Cost of implementing apartheid grew
• Economic sanctions, investors withdrew e.g. Peugeot and IBM
• This lead to unemployment which grew further dissatisfaction

Question 4

Botha’s response in 70s (4)

Answer 4

• Responded to Total Onslaught (propaganda slanted to make it seem as if SA was the last stronghold of democracy in a growing communist Africa - Angola and Portugal to get Western support) with Total Strategy.
• TS included Reform and Repression (cosmetic reforms) to reduce resistance by appeasement
• Reform aimed to gain support of black communities and undermine the ANC
• Repression would beef up military build-up to destroy all opposition

Question 5

Reform and Repression (7)

Answer 5

• Neutralise neighbours - send army into Namibia etc. under the guise of chasing MK to destabilise countries
• Drop petty apartheid laws (MMA + IA) as they didn’t affect the Afrikaner economic control (appease POC)
• Draw English into the NP
• Desegregate schools + increases expenditure on black education.
• Cooperate with Big Business - upskill workers and increase wages
• BLAA - create BMC to grow dissent to popular protest and create divisions. Create black moderates and get rid of extremists who would be militant in their approach.
• Suppress the numbers advantage the resistance had

Question 6

Trade Unions

Answer 6

• Recognised in 1979
• Durban strikes of 1973 marked turning point for Trade Unions and workers - created more trade unions
• Existing legislation was not adequate for the workers
• Big Business forced govt. to cooperate as money was lost due to action

Question 7

Wiehahn Report

Answer 7

• Recommended trade unions are allowed
• Abolish job reservation
• 1979 Amendment to the Industrial Coalition Act accepted changes

Question 8

Results of Recognition of TUs (4)

Answer 8

• Victory for workers and liberation movement
• Unions were now viewed as controlling devices that could be used to identify leaders
• Union membership doubled between 81-84
• Growth in collective bargaining power

Question 9

FOSATU

Answer 9

• 12 unions in 1979

- Non racialism

Question 10

COSATU

Answer 10

• 1985 - absorbed FOSATU
• National base for labour movement which enhanced power
• Jay Naidoo + Elijah Barayi
• Non-racialism

Question 11

CUSA

Answer 11

• 1980 - BC ideals
• Black leadership oriented
• 1982 - Rapid growth of NUM

Question 12

Homeland independence

Answer 12

76-81:

• Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei made “independent”
• Funding given to homelands to make them economically successful

Question 13

African Middle Class

Answer 13

• Create group that had economic incentive to not participate in resistance
• Black people had a chance to apply for full SA citizenship
• GAA relaxed
• 1982 - Black Loca Authorities Act created councilors

Question 14

Tricameral Parliament

Answer 14

• New constitution in 1983
• Attempt to win over Indian and Coloured people
• PM –> State President (greater power, rules like securocrat)
• H. Assembly for whites
• H. Representatives for Coloureds
• H. Delegates for Indians
• R + D could only participate in “own affairs” - never engage in serious discussion
• Whites still had only say in political discourse despite new “power-sharing” - done in an attempt to reduce intl. backlash to regain foreign investment
• Cosmetic reforms

Question 15

Reactions to the TP

Answer 15

• Conservatives broke away as they believed the TP was a departure from apartheid.
• Andries Treurnicht was the new leader of the CP
• Became main opposition to NP in next election

Question 16

Majority Reaction to TP (2)

Answer 16

• PFP (Frederick Van Zyl Slabbert) argued it had done nothing as Africans still didn’t have the vote
• H. Representative and H. Delegates had low percentage polls as they saw through the reforms and realised they still had no real political input

Question 17

UDF

Answer 17

• Formed in 1983 by Reverend Allan Boesak
• ANC aligned (non racialism)
• Mass-based movements - umbrella organisation
• Trade unions, civics groups, church groups, women groups, students
• 3 Million by 1985