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Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Type of circulatory system in humans

A

Humans have a closed circulatory system. This means blood stays within blood vessels and does not flow freely outside

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2
Q

types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Veins, Venules, and Capillaries.

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3
Q

Structure and function of arteries and arterioles

A

Arteries and arterioles are round with thick muscular walls. Arteries move blood away from the heart.

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4
Q

Structure and function of veins and venules

A

Veins and venules are round with a thin muscular layer.
They have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
Skeletal muscles help blood move in one direction toward the heart.
Veins move blood toward the heart

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5
Q

Three layers of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules

A

Inner layer: Endothelium, made up of squamous epithelial cells.
Middle layer: Smooth muscle; thicker in arteries and thinner in veins.
Outer layer: Fibrous connective tissue for support and protection.

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6
Q

Primary function of capillaries

A

Capillaries join arterioles to venules and are present as “beds” in all regions of the body.
composed only of endothelium (epithelial cells) and are narrow, thin, microscopic tubes.
site for nutrient and waste exchange with tissues and organs.

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7
Q

Function of coronary arteries

A

Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself, as the heart does not use the blood in its chambers.

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8
Q

Where do coronary arteries branch from, and where do coronary veins empty?

A

Coronary arteries branch off the aorta just above the aortic semilunar valve and lie on the outside of the heart. Coronary veins empty into the right atrium.

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9
Q

What happens if a coronary artery is blocked?

A

If a coronary artery becomes plugged (e.g., with cholesterol) and blood is not supplied to part of the heart, it results in a heart attack.

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10
Q

atherosclerosis?

A

form of arteriosclerosis characterized by hardening of the arteries due to cholesterol plaque deposits. It can affect coronary arteries, carotid arteries, aorta, and leg arteries.

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11
Q

Characteristics of healthy arteries?

A

Healthy arteries are flexible, strong, and elastic with a smooth inner layer (tunica interna), allowing blood to flow freely.

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12
Q

Natural changes in arteries with age?

A

As a person ages, arteries become thicker, less elastic, and their calcium content increases, leading to natural “hardening” of the artery system.

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13
Q

How does atherosclerosis differ from natural artery hardening?

A

Atherosclerosis affects only larger arteries and involves the build-up of plaque in the inner layers of the artery walls, leading to thickening and irregularity.

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14
Q

Main components that build up in atherosclerosis?

A

Fat, cholesterol, and other materials build up in certain areas, leading to reduced blood circulation and an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and other serious arterial diseases.

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15
Q

Symptoms caused by atherosclerosis?

A

Symptoms include angina (chest pain), stroke, and claudication (limb pain or tiredness), all due to insufficient blood flow.

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16
Q

Role of blood in homeostasis?

A

Blood is required to maintain homeostasis by transporting gases, wastes, and nutrients, as well as through clotting and infection fighting.

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17
Q

Two main parts of blood?

A

A. Plasma: the liquid portion, making up about 55% of blood volume, containing water, proteins, gases, salts, nutrients, and wastes.
B. Formed elements: the solid part of blood, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

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18
Q

Function of red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are formed in the bone marrow and transport oxygen. They make up over 95% of the formed elements in blood.

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19
Q

Structure of red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells have a biconcave shape for flexibility and increased surface area, lack nuclei, and contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen.

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20
Q

What is anemia, and what are three basic causes?

A

Anemia is a blood disorder causing fatigue. It can be caused by decreased production of red blood cells, loss of red blood cells, or destruction of red blood cells within the body.

21
Q

What is the most common type of anemia?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common, caused by decreased production of red blood cells due to a diet lacking adequate iron.

22
Q

Describe characteristics and role of white blood cells.

A

White blood cells (leukocytes) are larger than red blood cells, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and appear translucent without staining. They play a key role in fighting infection and developing immunity.

23
Q

What initiates blood clotting after injury?

A

Coagulation, or blood clotting, occurs to prevent excessive blood loss and requires platelets, prothrombin, and fibrinogen.

24
Q

Simplified steps of blood clot formation?

A

Platelets clump at the injury site to partially seal it.
Prothrombin activator is released, which converts prothrombin to thrombin.
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads.
Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug, trapping red blood cells to form the framework of the clot.
Plasmin, an enzyme, later destroys the fibrin to restore plasma fluidity.

25
Q

What is hemophilia, and which type is most common?

A

Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder due to a clotting factor deficiency. Hemophilia A is the most common type, accounting for 90% of cases.

26
Q

Why does hemophilia primarily affect males, and what are some of its complications?

A

Hemophilia A is often inherited on the X chromosome, affecting males more frequently. Complications include bleeding in muscles, nerve damage, brain bleeding, and the need for frequent blood transfusions or injections of the deficient clotting factor.

27
Q

What is a stem cell, and what can bone marrow stem cells become?

A

A stem cell can divide and produce new cells that differentiate into specific cell types. Multipotent stem cells in bone marrow can become blood cells and may also differentiate into other types of cells like liver, bone, fat, cartilage, heart, or neurons.

28
Q

Therapeutic uses of bone marrow stem cells?

A

Bone marrow stem cells could be used to treat diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, or brain disorders.

29
Q

What controls fluid movement through capillary walls?

A

Movement of fluid is controlled by osmotic pressure (causing water to move from tissue fluid to blood) and blood pressure (causing water to move from blood to tissue fluid).

30
Q

Opposing roles of blood pressure and osmotic pressure in capillaries?

A

Blood pressure pushes molecules out of blood, while osmotic pressure draws molecules into the blood. Osmotic pressure is relatively constant, while blood pressure varies across capillaries.

31
Q

What happens at arterial end of capillary?

A

Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure, causing water, oxygen, and glucose to leave the bloodstream.

32
Q

Movement of solutes and fluids midway along a capillary?

A

Blood pressure and osmotic pressure cancel each other out. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse out, while wastes and carbon dioxide diffuse into capillaries.

33
Q

How is blood classified in ABO system?

A

Blood is classified by the antigens (A and B) present on red blood cells. A person can have type A, B, AB, or O blood.

34
Q

Cause and danger of agglutination?

A

Agglutination (clumping of red cells) occurs if a person’s antigen and antibody match. This can be fatal as it blocks blood flow.

35
Q

What determines if someone is Rh-positive or Rh-negative?

A

The presence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells makes a person Rh-positive; absence of it makes them Rh-negative.

36
Q

Why is Rh factor important in pregnancy?

A

If an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive baby, her immune system may produce Rh antibodies that can cross the placenta and attack the baby’s red cells in future pregnancies, causing fetal erythroblastosis.

37
Q

Describe two main circulations of heart?

A

The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).

38
Q

What is the septum and what are heart chambers?

A

The septum divides the left and right sides of the heart. The heart has 2 atria (upper chambers) and 2 ventricles (lower chambers).

39
Q

Functions of atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves?

A

AV valves lie between the atria and ventricles, preventing backflow into the atria. Semilunar valves lie between the ventricles and arteries, preventing backflow into the ventricles.

40
Q

What supports heart valves?

A

Chordae tendinae (fibrous strings) support the valves, preventing them from inverting. They attach to muscular projections of the ventricular wall.

41
Q

Define systole and diastole.

A

Systole is the contraction of heart muscle, and diastole is the relaxation of heart muscle.

42
Q

Cause of LUB-DUB heartbeat sounds?

A

LUB is caused by AV valves closing, and DUB by semilunar valves closing.

43
Q

Define systolic and diastolic pressure.

A

Systolic pressure is the highest pressure during ventricular contraction, typically 120 mmHg. Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation, typically 80 mmHg.

44
Q

Factors affecting blood pressure?

A

Factors include rate of contractions, resistance of blood vessels (e.g., due to atherosclerosis), and blood viscosity.

45
Q

Define hypotension and hypertension.

A

Hypotension is lower-than-normal blood pressure. Hypertension is higher-than-normal blood pressure and can be associated with cardiovascular disease.

46
Q

Lifestyle factors causing hypertension?

A

Causes include a high-salt diet, stress, kidney involvement, and atherosclerosis due to saturated fats and cholesterol.

47
Q

Four unique structures in fetal circulatory system?

A

Oval opening (foramen ovale): Opening between the two atria.
Arterial duct (ductus arteriosus): Connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
Umbilical arteries and veins: Transport nutrients and wastes to/from the placenta.
Venous duct (ductus venosus): Connects the umbilical vein to the vena cava.

48
Q

Role of venous duct in fetal circulation?

A

The venous duct directs oxygen-rich blood from the umbilical vein, bypassing most of the liver, and enters the venae cava for circulation.

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