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review > B11 + C1 + C2 > Flashcards

B11 + C1 + C2 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in an organism to maintain life.

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2
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein acting as a biological catalyst, speeding up reactions.

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3
Q

Substrate

A

Specific reactant an enzyme acts upon.

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4
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic molecule that assists enzymes, often derived from vitamins.

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5
Q

Activation Energy

A

Minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.

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6
Q

Enzymes that Lower Activation Energy

A

Enzymes decrease activation energy, making reactions faster (shown by lower peaks on energy vs. reaction graphs).

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7
Q

Induced Fit Model

A

Enzyme’s active site changes shape to fit the substrate better upon binding, enhancing catalysis.

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8
Q

Enzymes vs. Coenzymes

A

Enzymes catalyze reactions, while coenzymes transport chemical groups.

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9
Q

Vitamins as Coenzymes

A

Vitamins like B-complex act as coenzymes in biochemical reactions.

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10
Q

Enzyme Activity Factors

A

pH & Temperature affect enzyme shape and function. Concentration changes impact reaction rate.

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11
Q

Inhibitors:
Competitive

A

Bind active site, blocking substrate.

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12
Q

Inhibitors Non-competitive

A

Bind elsewhere, changing enzyme shape.

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13
Q

Heavy Metals as inhibitors

A

Act as non-competitive inhibitors by altering enzyme structure.

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14
Q

Thyroid & Thyroxin

A

Thyroid produces thyroxin, which regulates metabolism.

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15
Q

Mouth

A

Chews food, begins digestion.

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16
Q

Tongue

A

Aids in swallowing and taste.

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17
Q

Teeth

A

Break food into smaller pieces.

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18
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Produce saliva to moisten food and digest starch.

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19
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for food to esophagus.

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20
Q

Epiglottis

A

Prevents food from entering the trachea.

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21
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

Controls entry to the stomach.

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21
Q

Esophagus

A

Transports food to stomach using peristalsis.

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22
Q

Stomach

A

Secretes acid and enzymes to digest proteins.

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22
Q

Swallowing

A

Moves food from the mouth to the esophagus.

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22
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile to emulsify fats.

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22
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Controls flow from stomach to small intestine.

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23
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize acid.

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23
Q

Appendix

A

Vestigial organ with some immune functions.

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23
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores and releases bile.

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23
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of small intestine; site of most chemical digestion.

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23
Q

Rectum

A

Stores feces before excretion.

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23
Q

Small Intestine

A

Absorbs nutrients using villi and microvilli.

24
Q

Large Intestine

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes.
Consists of colon and rectum

24
Q

Pancreas & Insulin

A

Pancreas produces insulin, regulating blood sugar.

24
Q

Anus

A

Controls release of feces.

24
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave-like contractions pushing food through the digestive tract.

24
Q

Bile & Fat Emulsification

A

Bile breaks fats into droplets, increasing surface area for digestion.

24
Q

Small Intestine Specialization

A

Villi and microvilli increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

24
Q

Anaerobic Bacteria in Colon

A

Digest fiber, produce vitamins (like vitamin K), promote gut health.

24
Q

Functions of the Liver

A

Produces bile, detoxifies, stores vitamins, metabolizes nutrients, etc.

24
Q

Peptidases

A

From small intestine; break down peptides into amino acids.

24
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

From pancreas; continues starch digestion.

25
Q

Villus Structure

A

Contains capillaries for nutrient absorption and lacteals for fats.

25
Q

Proteases

A

From stomach & pancreas; break down proteins.

25
Q

Dissection Microscope Use

A

Observe and identify digestive structures under the microscope.

25
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

From salivary glands; breaks down starch.

25
Q

Lipase

A

From pancreas; breaks down fats.

25
Q

Nuclease

A

From pancreas; breaks down nucleic acids.

25
Q

Maltase

A

From small intestine; breaks down maltose into glucose.

25
Q

Water in Digestive Juices

A

Dissolves food and helps in enzyme action.

26
Q

Sodium Bicarbonate

A

Neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine, providing an optimal pH.

27
Q

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

A

Activates pepsinogen into pepsin and maintains stomach acidity.

28
Q

Mucus in Gastric Juice

A

Protects the stomach lining from digestive acids and enzymes.

29
Q

Importance of pH in Digestive Tract

A

Different regions have specific pH levels for optimal enzyme activity.

30
Q

Factors that affect function of enzyme

A

pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration

31
Q

6 major functions of liver

A

Producing bile.
Urea production
Detoxifying harmful substances.
Storing vitamins and minerals.
Makes blood protein
Fat storage by glycogen

32
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

persistent inflammation of intestine due to immune response against own intestinal tissues and bacteria

33
Q

celiac disease

A

autoimmune
unable to digest gluten otherwise damages villi

34
Q

polyps

A

small growths arising from epithelial lining in colon
can be benign/cancerous

35
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of pancreas
by excessive alchohol consumption/ gallstones that block duct

36
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

almost always fatal
resistant to treatment and spreads to other organs before symptoms appear

37
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver
commonly caused by one of several viruses

38
Q

hepatitis A

A

aquired by consuming food/water contaminated w/ sewage
(vaccine available)

39
Q

hepatitis B

A

spread by sex, transfusions/contaminated needles
(vaccine available)

40
Q

hepatitis C

A

spread by sex, transfusions/contaminated needles
(no vaccine)

41
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic disease of liver
liver becomes fatty, then into scar tissue

42
Q

gall stones

A

small hard masses that form in gall bladder
cholesterol precipitates out of bile=forms crystal=gallstones
jaundice

43
Q

diabetes

A

excess production of urine

44
Q

mellitus

A

sweet piss (sugar in urine)

45
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

begins in childhood
doesn’t produce enough insulin

46
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

often overweight/obese
fat tissue may produce substance that impairs insulin receptor function

47
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

condition disrupts glucose metabolism
ketone buildup

48
Q

parotid gland

A

below ears

49
Q

sublingual

A

below tongue

50
Q

submandibular

A

under lower jaw

51
Q

bucal cavity

A

the mouth basically

52
Q

enzymes secreted by pancreas

A

pancreatic amylase–>maltose
trypsin–>peptides
lipase–>fatty acids + glycerol

53
Q

intestinal (duodenal) glands

A

found in inner wall of SI
produces peptidase + disachharadisase

54
Q

Colon

A

reabsorbtion of water + salts + vitamins
3 parts: ascending, transverse, descending

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