B11 + C1 + C2 Flashcards
Metabolism
All chemical reactions in an organism to maintain life.
Enzyme
Protein acting as a biological catalyst, speeding up reactions.
Substrate
Specific reactant an enzyme acts upon.
Coenzyme
Organic molecule that assists enzymes, often derived from vitamins.
Activation Energy
Minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.
Enzymes that Lower Activation Energy
Enzymes decrease activation energy, making reactions faster (shown by lower peaks on energy vs. reaction graphs).
Induced Fit Model
Enzyme’s active site changes shape to fit the substrate better upon binding, enhancing catalysis.
Enzymes vs. Coenzymes
Enzymes catalyze reactions, while coenzymes transport chemical groups.
Vitamins as Coenzymes
Vitamins like B-complex act as coenzymes in biochemical reactions.
Enzyme Activity Factors
pH & Temperature affect enzyme shape and function. Concentration changes impact reaction rate.
Inhibitors:
Competitive
Bind active site, blocking substrate.
Inhibitors Non-competitive
Bind elsewhere, changing enzyme shape.
Heavy Metals as inhibitors
Act as non-competitive inhibitors by altering enzyme structure.
Thyroid & Thyroxin
Thyroid produces thyroxin, which regulates metabolism.
Mouth
Chews food, begins digestion.
Tongue
Aids in swallowing and taste.
Teeth
Break food into smaller pieces.
Salivary Glands
Produce saliva to moisten food and digest starch.
Pharynx
Passageway for food to esophagus.
Epiglottis
Prevents food from entering the trachea.
Cardiac Sphincter
Controls entry to the stomach.
Esophagus
Transports food to stomach using peristalsis.
Stomach
Secretes acid and enzymes to digest proteins.
Swallowing
Moves food from the mouth to the esophagus.
Liver
Produces bile to emulsify fats.
Pyloric Sphincter
Controls flow from stomach to small intestine.
Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize acid.
Appendix
Vestigial organ with some immune functions.
Gall Bladder
Stores and releases bile.
Duodenum
First part of small intestine; site of most chemical digestion.
Rectum
Stores feces before excretion.
Small Intestine
Absorbs nutrients using villi and microvilli.
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes.
Consists of colon and rectum
Pancreas & Insulin
Pancreas produces insulin, regulating blood sugar.
Anus
Controls release of feces.
Peristalsis
Wave-like contractions pushing food through the digestive tract.
Bile & Fat Emulsification
Bile breaks fats into droplets, increasing surface area for digestion.
Small Intestine Specialization
Villi and microvilli increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
Anaerobic Bacteria in Colon
Digest fiber, produce vitamins (like vitamin K), promote gut health.
Functions of the Liver
Produces bile, detoxifies, stores vitamins, metabolizes nutrients, etc.
Peptidases
From small intestine; break down peptides into amino acids.
Pancreatic Amylase
From pancreas; continues starch digestion.
Villus Structure
Contains capillaries for nutrient absorption and lacteals for fats.
Proteases
From stomach & pancreas; break down proteins.
Dissection Microscope Use
Observe and identify digestive structures under the microscope.
Salivary Amylase
From salivary glands; breaks down starch.
Lipase
From pancreas; breaks down fats.
Nuclease
From pancreas; breaks down nucleic acids.
Maltase
From small intestine; breaks down maltose into glucose.
Water in Digestive Juices
Dissolves food and helps in enzyme action.
Sodium Bicarbonate
Neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine, providing an optimal pH.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Activates pepsinogen into pepsin and maintains stomach acidity.
Mucus in Gastric Juice
Protects the stomach lining from digestive acids and enzymes.
Importance of pH in Digestive Tract
Different regions have specific pH levels for optimal enzyme activity.
Factors that affect function of enzyme
pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration
6 major functions of liver
Producing bile.
Urea production
Detoxifying harmful substances.
Storing vitamins and minerals.
Makes blood protein
Fat storage by glycogen
Crohn’s disease
persistent inflammation of intestine due to immune response against own intestinal tissues and bacteria
celiac disease
autoimmune
unable to digest gluten otherwise damages villi
polyps
small growths arising from epithelial lining in colon
can be benign/cancerous
pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
by excessive alchohol consumption/ gallstones that block duct
pancreatic cancer
almost always fatal
resistant to treatment and spreads to other organs before symptoms appear
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
commonly caused by one of several viruses
hepatitis A
aquired by consuming food/water contaminated w/ sewage
(vaccine available)
hepatitis B
spread by sex, transfusions/contaminated needles
(vaccine available)
hepatitis C
spread by sex, transfusions/contaminated needles
(no vaccine)
cirrhosis
chronic disease of liver
liver becomes fatty, then into scar tissue
gall stones
small hard masses that form in gall bladder
cholesterol precipitates out of bile=forms crystal=gallstones
jaundice
diabetes
excess production of urine
mellitus
sweet piss (sugar in urine)
type 1 diabetes
begins in childhood
doesn’t produce enough insulin
type 2 diabetes
often overweight/obese
fat tissue may produce substance that impairs insulin receptor function
diabetes mellitus
condition disrupts glucose metabolism
ketone buildup
parotid gland
below ears
sublingual
below tongue
submandibular
under lower jaw
bucal cavity
the mouth basically
enzymes secreted by pancreas
pancreatic amylase–>maltose
trypsin–>peptides
lipase–>fatty acids + glycerol
intestinal (duodenal) glands
found in inner wall of SI
produces peptidase + disachharadisase
Colon
reabsorbtion of water + salts + vitamins
3 parts: ascending, transverse, descending
