Circulatory disturbance Flashcards
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities. Can be localized or generalized
Edema
What causes edema?
- Increased permeability of capillary walls
-Hypoproteinemia
-Damage - Increased capillary pressure
-Lymphatic obstruction
-Hisamine - Inflammatory condition
-Liver disease
-Kidney disease and damage
-heart disease - Electrolyte disturbances
Causes of edema
Low protein levels in the blood from a liver disorder, a kidney disorder, or a disorder in which protein is not digested or absorbed properly. Low levels may be seen in severe malnutrition and with conditions that cause malabsorption, such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease. Body will take protein from other tissues and dilated capillary walls
Hypoproteinemia
Causes of edema
___ to the structural integrity of capillaries so that they become more leaky (as occurs in tissue trauma, burns, and severe inflammation)
Damage
Causes of edema
Blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. May cause lymphedema (swelling due to a blockage of the lymph passage)
Lymphatic obstruction
Released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. Histamine causes arterial dilation and venous constriction. This increased pressure forces fluids out of the circulatory system and into the tissues.
Histamine
Causes of edema
Swelling in the legs and abdomen. Increased pressure in the portal vein can cause fluid to accumulate in the legs (edema) and in the abdomen (ascites). Edema and ascites also may result from the inability of the liver to make enough of certain blood proteins (albumin)
Liver disease
Causes of edema
-Edema associated with kidney disease usually occurs in your legs and around your eyes
-Damage to the tiny, filtering blood vessels in your kidneys can result in nephrotic syndrome, declining levels of protein (albumin) in your blood can lead to fluid accumulation and edema
-Kidney disease
-Kidney damage
Causes of edema
Congestive heart failure. When the heart weakens and pumps blood less effectively, fluid can slowly build up, creating leg edema. Quick fluid build up can lead to fluid in your lungs
Heart disease
Causes of edema
A range of factors can compromise the kidney’s ability to perform their vital work. Deficiency or excess in key minerals like calcium and phosphorous electrolyte imbalances like sodium and potassium, dehydration, and fluid retention can all have their genesis in the kidneys
Fluid and electrolyte disturbances
examples of edema
Generalized edema in subcutaneous tissue (skeletal edema). Related to kidney and heart disease
-Causes secondary dilution when embalming
-Must use higher index fluid
-Problems raising vessels
-Increase speed of decomposition
Anasarca
examples of edema
Accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. Leads to obstruction due to weight pressure of the fluid. Carefully aspirate to remove fluid before embalming
Ascites
examples of edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity. Also called pleural effusion
-in life, compromises lung function
-in death, cause lung purge
Hydrothorax
examples of edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardium sac
-Pressure does not let the heart expand/ function properly
Hydropericardium
examples of edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in any sacculated cavity of the body, typically the scrotum
Hydrocele
examples of edema
Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
-Congenital: must be drained, sometimes a permanent shunt is placed in the head. Can be done in utero
-Acquired: trauma can cause this and a burr hone must be made in the skill to relieve pressure
Hydrocephaly
Excess blood in an area of the body
-Usually occurs when organs need more blood than usual. Blood vessels increase supple of blood flowing in
Hyperemia
The increase in organ blood flow that is associated with increased metabolic activity of an organ or tissue. There are two types: physiological and pathological
Active hyperemia
Normal condition
-After eating a big meal, blood flow increases to the digestive system
-Exercising causes increase blood flow into muscles
-An erection
-Blushing
type of active hyperemia
Physiological hyperemia
When blood rushes to an organ due to inflammation
type of active hyperemia
Pathological hyperemia
When blood can’t properly exit an organ, so it builds up in the blood vessels
-Can only be pathologic
-Ex: congestive heart failure or deep vein thrombis
Passive pathological hyperemia
Reduction in arterial blood supply. Caused by:
-Thrombis or embolus
-Arteriosclerosis
-External pressure
-Failure of vasodilation of circulatory system
Ischemia
Effects of Ischemia:
1. Temporary decrease of blood flow, not cut off completely so its not a stroke, lasts less than a day, signs of future stroke is high
2. Temporary decrease of blood flow to the heart causes intense pain relieved by nitroglycerin
3. Foot falls asleep
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA’s)
- Angina
- Loss of sensation
The formation or presence of an attached blood clot. Clot is attached to the vessel wall
Thrombosis
-Damage to the vessel wall by trauma or disease, such as valvular conditions or torn intima. This causes the blood to back up and clot
-Stasis of the blood (poor venous return), the blood becomes thickened and block vessels
-Cardiac disorders: change in the blood composition due to poor circulation
-Sepsis clots: caused by an overwhelming immune response to infection. The body releases immune chemicals into the blood to combat the infection. Those chemicals trigger widespread inflammation, which leads to blood clots and leaky blood vessels
Causes of Thrombosis
Types of thrombosis (gangrene):
1. Dry gangrene
2. Wet gangrene
3. Myocardial infarction (ischemia)
- Arterial thrombus
- Venous thrombus
- Cardiac thrombus
The disintegration of a cell rupture of the cell wall or membrane.
-Fragments are emboli and they travel through the body causing more tissue damage
Lysis
Can be caused by many different types of debris in the circulatory system
Embolism
Type of embolism that is infected with bacteria, resulting in the formation of pus. These may become dangerous if dislodged from their original location. Like other emboli, this may be fatal
Can damage the tissues in two ways:
-They completely or patricianly reduce the blood supply
-They introduce an infectious agent into a damaged site
Septic embolism
A complication of cancer (usually adenocarcinoma) in which cells enter the venous and pulmonary arterial system where they can continue to multiply and eventually lodge in the vessel and obstruct the flow.
-This is one way cancers metastasize
Tumor
Occurs when parasites enter and travel through the bloodstream or fragments of the parasite travel through vessels
Parasitic embolism
Fat entering the vessels and travel as an emboli to other parts of the body
Fat embolism
Ruptured alveoli due to lung trauma or severe decomposition
Gas emboli
Foreign substances that enter the circulatory system usually from IV injection or organic substances
Particulate matter
- Ischemia - reduction of arterial supply of blood
- Infarction - death of tissue due to lack of blood supply
- Spread of infection - sepsis
- Necrosis - death of cells, tissues, organs while still part of a living organism
Consequences of embolism (like those from a thrombus)
The escape of blood from the vascular system
Causes include:
-Trauma or injuries
-Cerebral aneurysm
-High blood pressure
-Blood vessel abnormalities
-Blood or bleeding disorders
-Liver disease
-Brain tumor
-Drug abuse
Hemorrhage
relating to hemorrhage
Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as a purplish hemorrhages of the skin
Petechia
relating to hemorrhage
Superficial bleeding under the skin or mucous membrane; a bruise
Ecchymosis
relating to hemorrhage
Tumor like swelling of blood
Hematoma
relating to hemorrhage
Bleeding from the nose
Epistaxis
relating to hemorrhage
Blood in the sputum
Hemoptysis
relating to hemorrhage
Vomiting of blood. Bleeding is of upper gastrointestinal origin. Common causes are peptic ulcer, cirrhosis with esophageal or gastric varices, gastritis, esophagitis, Mallory-Weiss tears, and malignancy
Hematemesis
relating to hemorrhage
Blood in stool. Dark black, tarry feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The black color and characteristic strong odor are caused by hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive enzymes and intestinal bacteria
Melena
relating to hemorrhage
Blood in urine either gross or microscopic. Gross hematuria occurs when there is enough blood present in the urine that it is visible to the naked eye
Hematuria
relating to hemorrhage
Loss of blood to the point where life may no longer be sustained
Exsanguination
Postmortem conditions for embalming
Multi-point injection, hypodermic injection
Diminished circulation
Postmortem conditions for embalming
Can alter blood flow, if large enough may need to be removed, leading to restorative work
Abscess
Postmortem conditions for embalming
Can alter blood flow, secondary dilution, may required removal of fluid by channeling, wicking, and/or aspiration
Edema
Postmortem conditions for embalming
Loss of circulation system, swelling in affected area
Hemorrhage
Postmortem conditions for embalming
Emaciation (excessive wasting away of the body) - results in poor circulation, use of lanolin fluids, tissue building
Dehydration (lack of water)
Postmortem conditions for embalming
Every embalmers nightmare
Rapid decomposition
Postmortem conditions for embalming
Phenol and cavity treatment, opaque cosmetics
Discoloration
