CIA.IFRS17-DR Flashcards
Define the term discount rate under IFRS17.
Rate used to discount the estimates of future cash flows which is consistent with the TIMING, LIQUIDITY and CURRENCY of the insurance contract cash flows.
Define the term Fulfilment Cash Flows (FCFs) under IFRS17.
FCF = PV(future cash flows) + (risk adjustment for non-financial risk)
Define the term liquidity premium under IFRS17.
• adjustment made to a liquid risk-free yield curve
• reflects differences between
→ liquidity characteristics of the financial instruments that underlie the risk-free rates
and
→ liquidity characteristics of the insurance contracts
• note that HIGHLY liquid investments have low liquidity premium (and vice versa)
Give an example of insurer’s investment where liquidity premium would be 0.
Government bonds since they are risk-free -> high degree of liquidity
Given an example of insurer’s investment where the liquidity premium would be very high.
Biotech startups since investment is very risky -> low degree of liquidity
Define the term reference portfolio under IFRS17.
- a portfolio of assets used to derive discount rates based on current market rates of return
- the portfolio rate of return is then adjusted to remove returns related to risk characteristics that are not in insurance contracts
Identify 3 considerations in deciding whether to use net or gross & ceded data for analysis.
1. Data availability:
→ if data is sparse, it may not be possible to directly estimate the present value of ceded cash flows
2. Cash flow volatility:
→ different approaches may be warranted for different segments of business depending on the volatility of cash flows by segment
3. Reinsurance held:
→ consider type and consistency of reinsurance held.
Identify 3 considerations in segmenting data for selecting payment patterns.
- Business segments used to analyse undiscounted data
- Payout period
- Existence of a predetermined schedule of payments
Identify 3 characteristics an IFRS 17 discount rate should possess.
- the discount rate should reflect the:
* time value of money
* characteristics of cash flows
* liquidity characteristics of insurance contracts - the discount rate should be consistent with:
* market prices for financial instruments with similar cash flow characteristic as insurance contracts - the discount rate should exclude:
* factors that affect market prices but do not affect cash flows for insurance contracts
Identify 2 methods for selecting a discount rate for valuation of insurance contract liabilities under IFRS 17
- bottom-up approach
• a liquid, risk-free yield curve is adjusted to reflect:
→ differences between the liquidity characteristics of market financial instruments and the liquidity characteristics of the insurance contracts - top-down approach
• the yield to maturity of a reference portfolio of assets is adjusted to eliminate:
→ any factors that are not relevant to insurance contracts
Identify 4 risk factors that may differ between a reference portfolio and insurance contracts
- liquidity
- investment risk (Ex: credit risk, market risk)
- timing
- currency risk
Identify 2 examples of credit risk adjustments.
- default risk
- downgrade risk
Calculate the market risk adjustment if the reference portfolio consists solely of bonds.
No adjustment is necessary
Identify 2 insurance contract features that increase liquidity.
an increase in liquidity means lower liquidity premium
- low inherent value of contract
- large portion of inherent value is paid out
Identify 1 insurance contract feature that decreases liquidity.
an decrease in liquidity means higher liquidity premium
- high exit costs for contract (Ex: surrender penalties)
Which set of insurance contract liabilities is more liquid: LIC or LRC?
LRC is more liquid (Liability for Remaining Claims)
→ since no claims have yet occurred, it’s easier to cancel or otherwise get rid of the contract
Identify the steps in a “combined approach” for estimating the Liability Liquidity Premium LLP.
[1] create a reference portfolio and calculate the rate of return
[2] subtract the risk-free rate to get the indicated asset liquidity premium ALP
[3] then LLP = r * ALP + (constant liquidity premium difference)
Under IFRS 17, what is a reference curve.
A “standardized” yield curve used to facilitate comparison among entities in the unobservable period.
Under IFRS 17, should discount rates vary with the timing of cash flows?
yes, this is the purpose of yield curve (versus a spot rate)
Under IFRS 17, what is a ‘locked-in’ yield curve?
A yield curve determined at the initial recognition of the group of contracts.
Under IFRS 17, when would a ‘locked-in’ yield curve be used for discounting?
• when an entity uses the GMA to determine the LRC for some or all groups of insurance contracts
AND
• when an entity elects the OCI option for some or all portfolios of insurance contracts
Identify 2 lines on the Income Statement where insurance expenses are reported under IFRS17.
- insurance service expense
- insurance finance expense
Under IFRS 17, what do ‘insurance expenses’ refer to?
They refer to the change in the carrying amount of the group of insurance contracts arising from the effect of:
• time value of money
• financial risk
Under IFRS 17, what is meant by the ‘unwinding of discounts’?
The difference between discounting the cash flows to the beginning of the period and discounting to the end of the period.
Under IFRS 17, identify 3 methods for calculating the unwinding of discounts.
- constant yield curve:
• uses the same discount curve at the beginning and end of the period - using spot rates:
• uses an end of period discount curve that is equal to the beginning discount curve shifted by one period - expectation hypothesis:
• proposes that the term structure of interest rates is solely determined by market expectations of future interest rate changes
Under IFRS 17, what level of aggregation should be used for calculating FCFs?
Any level of aggregation provided estimates of LIC can be allocated back to portfolios and groups.
Decribe the term liquid of an Asset vs a Liability
- an asset is liquid if it’s
easily convertible to cash(Ex: government bonds) - a liability is liquid if the liability
can be extinguished on demand(Ex: LRC for most P&C insurance contracts - see p 21 of source text.
