CIA.IFRS 17 Flashcards
What principles does IFRS 17 establish?
For insurance contracts within the IFRS 17 standard:
- Recognition
- Measurement ( most important)
- Presentation
- Disclosure
Briefly describe 3 building blocks of the measurement of insurance contract liabilities under IFRS 17.
- Present Value of future cash flows
- similar to PV(liabs)
- except, IFRS 17 includes acquisition expenses and all premiums, and excludes risk adjustment for financial risk
- Risk adjustement for Non-Financial Risk:
- similar to PfADs for non-economic risks (claims dev, reinsurance recovery)
- Contractual Service Margin (CSM):
- represents unearned profit from a group of insurance contracts (no front-ending of profits)
- current CIA standards do allow for front-ending of profits
Define the term fulfilment cash flows or FCF.
FCF =
= IFRS building block 1 + IFRS building block 2
= PV (future cash flows) + risk adjustment for non-Financial Risk
When is the CSM amount established and what is the amount?
When FCF < 0 (profit is negative) amount
= CSM = -FCF
Briefly describe 2 valuation methods under IFRS 17
- General Measurement Approach (GMA)
- this is the default approach - Premium Allocation Approach (PAA)
- simplified version of GMA
- certain eligibility requirements must be met (assessed at contract inception ) : ex short term contracts ( less than 1 year)
Identify examples where PAA may be used instead of GMA for measuring IFRS 17 liabilities. (2)
- short term contracts (policy term <=1 year)
- longer-duration contracts if PAA is a reasonable approximation to GMA over life of contract (both apply only to LRC (Liability for Remaining Coverage) component liabilities)
Define the term Liability for Incurred Claims (LIC)
Insurer’s obligation to pay claims for events that have already occurred
Define the term Liability for Remaining Coverage (LRC)
Insurer’s obligation to provide insurance coverage for events that have not yet occurred
Define the term “insurance contract” under IFRS 17
a contract under which 1 party (the issuer)…
- accepts significant insurance risk from another party (the PH)…
- by agreeing to compensate the PH…
- if a specific uncertain future event (the insured event) adversely affects the PH
Identify components of an insurance contract under IFRS 17. (4)
- insurance components: non-financial risk that is the “normal” part of any insurance contract
- service components: e.g. claims adjudication with reinsurance protection
- investment components: amounts include in premium that are returned customers, regardless of occurrence of an event
- embedded derivatives (not on syllabus)
What is the formula for contract liability in terms of LIC (Liability for Incurred Claims) & LRC (Liability for Remaining Coverage)?
insurance contract liability = LIC + LRC
What is the formula for LRC under PAA at issue and `
subsequent
periods
`
at Issue :
LRC = Prm received - DAC
at Subsequent periods: LRC = UEP - Prm receivable -DAC
where :
Prm received = UEP - Prm receivable
DAC: defer acquisition costs
Identify the categories for differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 (CIA practices) for measurement of liabilities. (5)
HINT: Crit = x2 (DAC,Discount)
- Criteria
- DAC Deferral
- DAC Amount
- Discounting of LRC
- Discounting of LIC
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 for measurement of liabilities (Item 1 - Criteria).
Criteria
IFRS 17: allows PAA for short-term contracts without testing whether PAA reasonably approximates GMA
pre-IFRS17: allows (UEP - DAC) to be used only if it’s a reasonable approximation to the explicit valuation approach
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 for measurement of liabilities (Item 2 - DAC deferral).
DAC deferral
IFRS 17: entity may choose deferral or direct expense for short-term contracts
pre-IFRS17: no deferral in explicit valuation, but deferral if (UEP - DAC) is held
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 for measurement of liabilities (Item 3 - DAC amount).
DAC amount:
IFRS 17: allows deferral of DAC that is directly attributable to the portfolio of insurance contracts
pre-IFRS17: allowable deferral is different
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 for measurement of liabilities (Item 4 - Discount LRC).
Discounting of LRC
IFRS 17: entity may choose not to discount (for short-term policies, or for longer-term policies if the discounting effect is not significant)
pre-IFRS17: requires discounting
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 for measurement of liabilities (Item 5 - Discount LIC).
Discounting of LIC
IFRS 17: ignore discounting and financial risk for LIC if:
- PAA is used for LRC;
- LIC Cash flows are received < 1 year within incurred date of claims
pre-IFRS17: requires discounting
Identify examples in Canadian P&C where PAA can or cannot be used to measure LRC.
PAA ok:
- auto outside QC (since policy term is generally <= 1 yr)
- auto in QC (if PAA is a reasonable approximation to GMA)
PAA probably not ok:
- warranty
- mortgage default (both may have terms > 1 year, or high year-to year variability in claims)
Briefly describe 2 measurement considerations for contract liabilities in IFRS 17.
- Level of aggregation:
- must identify portfolio of contracts (contracts in a portfolio have similar risks and are managed together)
- each portfolio is further subdivided into groups (a group is the unit of account for measurement of CSM)
- Contract boundary :
- must identify contract boundary for each contract (this is normally the term of the policy)
- cash flow estimates include only cash flows related to claims incurred within the boundary
how does IFRS 17 define ‘estimate of future cash flow’
estimate of future cash flows
= probability-weighted mean of the full range of possible outcomes
(use all credible information available at the reporting date without undue cost or effort)
Identify areas where there are differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 regarding probability-weighted cash flows. (5)
- RA for non-financial risk
- RA for financial risk
- Policyholder options
- Expenses
- Taxes
- Policyholder options
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 regarding probability-weighted cash flows. (Item 1- RA for non-financial risk)
RA for non-financial risk
IFRS 17: requires separate disclosure for risk adjustment for non-financial risk
pre-IFRS17: RA for non-financ. not always quantified
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 regarding probability-weighted cash flows. (Item 2 - RA for financial risk)
RA for financial risk
IFRS 17: includes financial risk in the present value of future cash flows
pre-IFRS17: separate from the best estimate of PV for cash flows
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 regarding probability-weighted cash flows. (Item 3 - Policyholder Options)
Policyholder Options
IFRS 17: accounts for policholder behaviour
pre-IFRS17: the effect of cash flows is blurred
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 regarding probability-weighted cash flows. (Item 4 - Expenses)
Expenses
IFRS 17: includes only expenses that are directly attributable to the portfolio
pre-IFRS17: the above is not a requirement
Identify differences between IFRS 17 and pre-IFRS17 regarding probability-weighted cash flows. (Item 5 - Taxes)
Taxes
IFRS 17: excludes taxes from cash flow estimates
pre-IFRS17: taxes are included
What is the purpose of discounting?
To account for the time value of money.
Under IFRS 17, how is the discount rate selected when cash flows **do not **vary with returns on underlying items?
The discount rate is based on a liquidity-adjusted risk-free discount rate curve (or yield curve).
Identify approaches for determining the discount rate curve under IFRS 17. (2)
Bottom-up approach
Top-Down approach
Briefly describe the Bottom-up approach for determining the discount rate curve under IFRS 17.
Bottom-up approach:
- adjust the risk-free discount curve by adding an illiquidity premium that reflects the liabilities
- under pre-IFRS17 practice, there’s no requirement to identify an illiquidity premium
Briefly describe the Top-down approach for determining the discount rate curve under IFRS 17.
Top-down approach:
- use the investment return on a reference portfolio of assets that’s ‘similar’ to the liabilities
- Ex: use the 10-year spot rate on a Canadian bond for the 10-year liability cash flow
- then remove asset characteristics not relevant to the liability
- Ex: remove credit and market risk
- under pre-IFRS17 practice, the rate would be tied more closely to the assets held by the company
Briefly describe how financial risk is incorporated into discounting under IFRS 17.
TRICK: you can build financial risk into the:
* discount rate; or
* cash flows; or
* a combination of both
Briefly describe how the discount rate is selected when cash flows do vary with returns on underlying premiums
choose a discount rate that makes the value of the liability cash flows equal the fair market value of the underlying assets
Briefly describe how are cash flows handled when they vary with assumptions related to financial risk
- either through adjustments to the discount rate or adjustments to the cash flows themselves
- must adhere to market consistency
- IFRS 17 suggests using of stochastic and risk-neutral measurement techniques and considering the costs of options and guarantees
Regarding non-financial risk, how is the ‘measurement objective’ different under IFRS 17 vs pre-IFRS 17?
IFRS 17: compensation required by the entity to bear/take uncertainty
pre-IFRS 17: amount required to provide for the effect of uncertainty
- what’s changed: focus on compensation required, not just the effect of uncertainty
