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Catholic Tradition > Church History - Test #3 > Flashcards

Church History - Test #3 Flashcards

0
Q

When was the dark ages?

A

about 814-962 CE

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1
Q

What was the dark ages?

A

the time between Charlemagne & Otto I, the 1st real Holy Roman Emperor

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2
Q

How did failure in the Carolingian Dynasty lead to disintegration of the empire?

A
  • Italy suffered attack from Muslim nomads called the Saracens
  • much of Europe suffered raids from the Magyars of the east
  • the Vikings attacked coastal areas
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3
Q

What is feudalism?

A
  • “a social form of interlocking relationships based on the use of land in payment for military services”
  • a hierarchic society in which the vast majority were poor & vulnerable, a few were in the middle & the local king was on top
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4
Q

What are serfs?

A

those who filled the soil & were bound to the will of her landowner

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5
Q

What are lords?

A

essentially “regional manager”

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6
Q

What are vassals?

A

subject to & protected by another person

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7
Q

What is the king?

A

only landowner

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8
Q

Did Bishops & abbots own land?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Who worked the land for bishops & monks?

A

They employed serfs

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10
Q

What influenced Church structure?

A

Social-stratification

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the Church

A

Pope
Bishops
Priests & Deacons
Laity

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12
Q

What were the Gregorian Reforms?

A

Pope Gregory VII - a series of efforts to eliminate corruption from the Church such as lay investiture & simony

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13
Q

What is lay investiture?

A

lay people (i.e. kings) appointing Popes, abbots and/or abbesses

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14
Q

What is simony?

A

the buying & selling of church/religious offices & goods

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15
Q

What is the Conclave

A

a meeting of cardinals to elect a new pope

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16
Q

Describe the Conclave

A

a reform begun in 1057 by Pope Nicholas II

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17
Q

Describe the literal meaning of con clave

A

con clave - “cum claves” means “with keys”…. Literally “locked” in until new pope is chosen

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18
Q

What are 3 of the things that were part of the Gregorian Reforms?

A
  • Conclave
  • celibacy
  • papal appointment of bishops/abbots
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19
Q

Describe the Concordat of Worms

A
  • Agreement between Pope Callistus II & Henry V
  • Pope would pick bishops & convey spiritual powers
  • Emperor would approve & convey symbolic temporal power
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20
Q

Define schism

A

official separation of churches

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21
Q

What is the East-West Schism referred to as?

A

“The Great Schism”

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22
Q

Define Excommunication

A

most severe punishment in Church law

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23
Q

Describe excommunication

A
  • no receiving Communion or other sacraments

- no burial in Catholic cemeteries

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24
Q

Define Filioque

A

Latin term for “and the Son”

25
Q

Describe the Creed at the Council of Nicaea 325 CE

A

…We believe in the Holy Spirit… who proceeds from the Father. With the Father and the Son…

26
Q

Describe Charlemagne’s Change in the Creed

A

…We believe in the Holy Spirit… who proceeds from the Father and the Son. With the Father and the Son…

27
Q

What are the 2 objections from the East?

A
  1. This changes their understanding of the Trinity

2. Charlemagne is a secular ruler, not one carrying spiritual/religious authority

28
Q

Describe how the word change changes the East’s understanding of the Trinity

A
  • Father is sole foundation and ground of God’s unity

- Son/Spirit = two hands of God the Father

29
Q

When did Orthodox (eastern) & Catholic (western) churches formally split?

A

1054 CE

30
Q

What did Pope Leo IX do to the Patriarch of Constantinople & the whole Greek Church?

A

he excommunicated them

31
Q

In retaliation, what did Patriarch Michael Cerularius do to the pope & the whole Latin Church?

A

he excommunicated them

32
Q

How do orthodox & Catholic Churches get along now?

A

Both Orthodox & Catholic Churches are by & large over the filioque disagreement (Basically only a semantic difference)

33
Q

Describe orthodox & catholic heritage

A

-Common heritage - ecclesiastically, theologically, & historically

34
Q

Describe the catholic & Christian common goals

A

Social justice

Upholding Christian morality in western civilization

35
Q

Describe the main difference between catholic & orthodox

A

The key difference is the perspective on the place of the Bishop of Rome

36
Q

What were the Crusades?

A

Series of religious wars, blessed by the Pope & the Catholic Church between 1095-1291

37
Q

What was the main goal of the Crusades?

A

Main goal: restoring Christian access to the holy places in & near Jerusalem

38
Q

What were the Crusades originally launched for?

A

Originally launched in response to a call from Byzantine Empire for help to fight Muslim expansion which had cut off access to Jerusalem

39
Q

Describe crusaders

A

Crusaders were from all over Western Europe & were not under unified command

40
Q

Who fought who in the Crusades?

A

Fought by Roman Catholics primarily against Muslims

41
Q

What is the significance of the Crusades?

A

The crusades started out with good, religious intentions, but by the 4th Crusade it was all about economics and greed and had very little religious motivation

42
Q

Describe Pauper’s Crusade

A
  • Poor folks attempt to overtake Jerusalem
  • Most starved to death on the way
  • The rest were annihilated at Jerusalem
43
Q

Describe Children’s Crusade

A
  • The failure of earlier crusades was blamed on sinfulness of crusaders
  • Children - pure of heart - sent to take Holy Land
  • These either starve to death or were sold into slavery
44
Q

Describe the leader of the Waldensians

A

Started by Peter Valdes (Waldo), a wealthy merchant who threw away his riches to live in poverty around 1173

45
Q

What did the Peter Waldo start / do?

A

WOMEN & men gathered around him, & together they preached radical gospel values

46
Q

What lead to the Waldensians excommunication?

A

Their criticism of the Church hierarchy, wealth, & refusal to work within church structure

47
Q

What does The Cathari mean?

A

“The Pure”

48
Q

What was The Cathari?

A

a dualistic movement very similar to earlier heresies

49
Q

Describe the Cathari followers

A

followers lead austere lives, were to extinguish all sexual desires, & to contribute to the livelihood of the leaders

50
Q

What did The Cathari reject?

A
  • all of the material world, including sacraments (which require water, oil, bread, wine)
  • rejected the incarnation of Jesus Christ himself
51
Q

Were the Cathari excommunicated as heretics?

A

Yes

52
Q

Did movements such as the Waldensians & The Cathari have the best of intentions?

A

Yes, but their beliefs & practices took them outside the reasonable boundaries of Catholic Christianity

53
Q

Give a couple examples of other movements that would arise during the High Middle Ages that would take the necessary steps to reform the Church from within

A
  1. Renewed Benedictine monasticism

2. The rise of mendicant religious orders

54
Q

Beginning in 910 CE, monks at Cluny, France led to what?

A

a reform of monastic life (& of the whole Church)

55
Q

The Benedictians led what?

A

a renewed emphasis on prayer, especially the Divine Office & artistic expression
[Albeit at the expense of the work in the fields (Ora w/out Labora)]

56
Q

The Benedictians remained defiantly what?

A

independent from the state & princes, championing the authority of the pope

57
Q

What was special about Cluny’s pop.?

A

Cluny = essentially its own state w/ 50,000 monk-citizens

58
Q

By 1100, monks in Citeaux would attempt to do what?

A

reform the Cluny reform by regaining the austerity of the Rule of St. Benedict

59
Q

Responding to the legitimate criticisms of the otherwise heretical reform movements, mendicant orders do what?

A

join the radical simplicity of the Gospels & fidelity to the Church

60
Q

Describe 4 characteristics of Mendicant Orders

A
  1. Live among “the people”
  2. Beg for what they need to survive
  3. Work low-paying jobs if begging is impossible/impractical
  4. Live by a rule of life similar to monastic rules

Catholic Tradition (11 decks)

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