CHS 5 PPT Flashcards
PHAC Template/Framework for Health Policies
Collaborative agencies under PHAC leadership
Common policies support population health approach
Serves as a plan for implementing population health approach in Canada
Implements critical elements
Coordinates steps and approaches
Identifies clear roles of partners (agencies & individuals)
Comprises 8 key elements
Element 1: Focus on the Health of a Target Population
Assesses health status and inequities at the population level
Connects the issue to health and affected populations
Subsections:
1.1: Determine indicators for measuring population health
1.2: Measure and analyze health status to identify issues
1.3: Assess contextual conditions, characteristics, and trends
Element 2: Address the Determinants
Identifies factors contributing to population health issues
Basis for developing health interventions
Subsections:
2.1: Determine indicators for measuring determinants
2.2: Measure and analyze determinants and their interactions
Element 3: Evidence Informed Decision Making
Support findings/recommendations with evidence
Subsections:
3.1: Use best evidence throughout policy and program development
3.2: Explain criteria for including or excluding evidence
3.3: Use various data sources
3.4: Generate data through mixed research methods
3.5: Identify and assess intervention effectiveness
3.6: Disseminate findings and promote policy uptake
Element 4: Upstream Investments
Emphasizes decisions benefiting the population before problems arise
Includes prevention, health promotion, and action on health determinants
Subsections:
4.1: Apply criteria for selecting investment priorities
4.2: Balance short and long-term investments
4.3: Influence investments in other sectors
Element 5: Apply Multiple Strategies
Addresses the scope of interventions and strategies
Actions on health determinants and interactions
Strategies to reduce health inequities between population groups
Subsections:
5.1: Identify scope of action for interventions
5.2: Act on determinants and their interactions
5.3: Reduce health inequities
5.4: Apply comprehensive mix of interventions
5.5: Apply integrated interventions
5.6: Improve health over the lifespan
5.7: Act in multiple settings
5.8: Establish coordinating mechanism for interventions
Element 6: Collaborate
Focuses on partnership-building, representation, and contributions
Describes group structure, organization, roles, and relationships
Subsections:
6.1: Engage partners early, establish shared values
6.2: Set concrete objectives, focus on visible results
6.3: Identify and support a champion
6.4: Invest in alliance building process
6.5: Generate political support, leverage positive factors
6.6: Share leadership, accountability, and rewards
Element 7: Engage the Public
Details public involvement at various initiative stages
Public roles (e.g., advisory committee members)
Engagement processes (e.g., surveys, focus groups)
Subsections:
7.1: Capture public interest
7.2: Contribute to health literacy
7.3: Apply involvement strategies linked to purpose
Element 8: Demonstrate Accountability
Focuses on reporting changes in health status
Tools and processes for accountability
Subsections:
8.1: Construct a results-based accountability framework
8.2: Establish baseline measures and set improvement targets
8.3: Institutionalize effective evaluation systems
8.4: Promote health impact assessment tools
8.5: Publicly report results and facilitate knowledge uptake
PHAC Template Key Elements
Measure Population Health Status
Select appropriate indicators
Gather population-based data
Analyze Determinants of Health
Examine determinants’ relationships
Inform population health strategies
Evidence-Informed Decision Making
Use qualitative and quantitative data
Employ Upstream Investments
Make preventative decisions
Use Multiple Strategies
Employ a multifaceted approach
Engage the Public
Increase successful implementation likelihood
Capture interest positively
Intersectoral Collaboration
Partner across society segments
Demonstrate Accountability
Determine baseline measures
Set targets and monitor progress
Partners in Population Health Action
Many agencies play an important role in formulating Canada’s population health approach, including:
Health Canada
CIHI
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
Canada Food Inspection Agency
Patented Medicine Prices Review Board
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA)
Statistics Canada
Health Canada
Federal department responsible for helping Canadians maintain/improve their health, partnering with other agencies and organizations to ensure needs are met
Consumer product safety
Drugs and health products
Environmental and workplace health
Food and nutrition
First Nations and Inuit health
Health care system
Health concerns
Healthy living
Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)
Independent organization collaborating with Health Canada, Statistics Canada, and CIHR
Manages national health databases
Mandate: Provide information and analysis on Canadian healthcare and health of Canadians
Focus on services, spending, health human resources, and population health
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
Established by federal government
Funds health research in Canada
Composed of multiple institutes, including the Institute of Population and Public Health
Purpose: Collaborate to support discoveries and innovations for health improvement and healthcare system strengthening
Canada Food Inspection Agency-CFIA
Canada’s largest regulatory science agency
Ensures safe and sustainable access to plant and animal resources
Responsible for managing food recalls and alerts
Patented Medicine Prices Review Board-PMPRB
Monitors prices of patented drugs
Assesses drugs at risk of being overpriced based on benefit and affordability
Tracks trends in drug prices and distribution
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
Part of Health Canada
Activities include disease and injury prevention, promoting physical and mental health, providing decision-making support, and tracking disease outbreaks
Acts as a parent agency to organizations like the Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (CIDPC)
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)
Non-profit organization funded by public and private sources
Collaborates with global researchers to advance strategies in population health
Focuses on developing technology for international quality of life improvements
Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA)
Independent voice for public health in Canada
Exclusive focus on public health as a Canadian non-governmental organization
Advises decision-makers on health system reform and recommends initiatives for safeguarding personal and community health in Canada
Statistics Canada
Federal government branch gathering information from provinces/territories
Publishes accurate statistics on various aspects of life (births, deaths, marriages)
Conducts nationwide census
Manages around 350 surveys covering various aspects of Canadian life
Provides data for government and agencies involved in public health and population health initiatives
Population Health Promotion Model
Organizes population into What?, How?, and Who?
Demonstrates complexity and emulates population health approach
Decisions based on three sources: research studies, experiential knowledge, program evaluations
Applicable to various government levels, agencies, or groups for diverse health issues
Population Health in Canada
Consensus: Population health approach successful but needs continual commitment and funding from all government levels
Provinces & territories have their own population health agencies within ministries
Varied population needs, with implications differing locally despite similar country-level effects
Examples of Population Health Initiatives in Canada
Primary Care in the North
Federal Tobacco control
Advocating for Healthy Built Environments, Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH)
Population Health Abroad
Population health initiatives prevalent in developed nations, nearly absent in developing ones
Lack of vital data (births, deaths, causes) in developing nations with high disease burden
Result: Health profiles virtually absent in many developing nations
World Health Organization (WHO) leading global health improvements since its establishment in 1948
Eg :India Polio free 2012
Finland – reducing childhood obesity
Tampere Declaration-Outcome of the 12th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion (2016)
Identifies common aims and principles on injury and violence prevention
Linked with injury and violence-related targets to the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals
Expresses global commitment for stronger injury and violence prevention
Why Research?
Seeks improvements in healthcare: best treatment protocols, technology advancements, and drug innovations
Health care evaluation involves scientific research employing statistical and epidemiological methods
Various data collection and analysis methods in evaluative processes
Why conduct health research?
Increases understanding of disease causes, trends, and outcomes
Assesses effectiveness of treatments and preventive measures
Guides policy development to enhance service efficiency and effectiveness
Types of Research
Basic Research-Curiosity driven, acquiring knowledge (e.g. mechanisms underlying a disease)
Applied Research-Focuses on finding a solution (e.g. efficacy and effectiveness of a new drug)
Descriptive Research-Used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied (e.g. epidemiology)
Where Does Health Data Originate?
Health surveys
Health records
Health care billing data
Vital statistics (e.g. birth and death records)
Socio-demographic data
Registries (e.g. cancer registries)
Employment records
Research Funding in Canada
Major funding through Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR): 13 institutes focusing on various areas
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada: supports basic university research in natural sciences and health-related fields
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: funds research in humanities and social sciences to understand various societal issues
Other national agencies focus on specific diseases (e.g., National Cancer Institute of Canada)
Provincial agencies and organizations, as well as pharmaceutical companies funding clinical trials
