CHS 5

Question 1

The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)

Answer 1

Independent organization providing information on Canada’s healthcare system and the population’s health
Collaborates with Canadian Institute for Health Research and Statistics Canada for data collection and analysis from various healthcare sources
Information utilized to enhance healthcare system performance across Canada
Funded by federal, provincial, and territorial governments
Reports to an independent board representing various health-related entities
Data valuable for organizations, government bodies, hospitals, professionals, researchers, etc.
Aids in policy planning, organizing, and implementation in healthcare
Collaborates with 28 national and provincial information systems for healthcare data
Produces annual and specific reports on healthcare insights in Canada
Strategic plan focuses on continual healthcare improvement, addressing specific population groups’ health needs

Question 2

Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)

Answer 2

Directs and funds research throughout Canada
Allocates funding based on priority and need, including initiatives related to social, cultural, and environmental factors impacting population health
Involved in recruiting and training research scientists
Ensures appropriate use of gathered research information in policy development and product/service creation
Operates 13 research institutes nationwide with substantial funding
Engages over 10,000 scientists and researchers in hospitals, universities, and research institutes
Supports diverse health-based research projects in biomedical, clinical science, and healthcare systems and services

Question 3

CIHR Institutes Across Canada

Answer 3

Aging
Cancer Research
Circulatory and Respiratory Health
Gender and Health
Genetics
Health Services and Policy Research
Human Development, Child, and Youth Health
Indigenous Peoples’ Health
Infection and Immunity
Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis
Neurosciences
Mental Health and Addiction
Nutrition, Metabolism, and Diabetes
Population and Public Health

Question 4

The Canada Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)

Answer 4

Independent agency reporting to the Minister of Health
Ensures safe access to animal and plant resources
Enforces food recalls and animal alerts
Provides a platform for reporting food safety concerns
Divided into subdepartments with specific responsibilities
Employs over 1200 scientists for diagnostics and surveillance
Charlottetown lab monitors plant diseases and product safety
National Centre in Winnipeg is an Animal Health reference lab
Saskatoon lab tests animal feed for parasites and drugs

Question 5

Patented Medicine Prices Review Board (PMPRB)

Answer 5

Monitors prices of patented drugs for fairness
Uses a risk-based framework for assessing overpricing
Considers drug benefit, cost, and impact on population health
Offers manufacturers opportunity to adjust pricing
Monitors trends in sales, price, and distribution of drugs
Not involved in pricing of generic drugs
Variations in provincial spending on generic drugs
Bulk purchasing agreement for some generics reduced prices

Question 6

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

Answer 6

Led by chief public health officer
Central role in population health research and policy
Collaborates with health organizations, provinces, and stakeholders
Focuses on preventing injury, disease, and promoting healthy living
Responds to national health emergencies and outbreaks
Tracks flu, tuberculosis, measles outbreaks
Branch CIDPC works on infectious disease awareness
Collects data on human behavior for health initiatives
Collaborates with global health organizations

Question 7

WHO - World Health Organization

Answer 7

Role: Specialized agency of the UN for international public health matters.
Responsibilities:
Global leadership in health matters.
Conducts research, provides technical support, monitors health trends, sets standards.
Recommends policies for population health initiatives globally.
Gathers health information and produces international statistics.
Coordinates responses to global health threats.
Membership:
Composed of 194 countries, open to UN members via acceptance of WHO’s constitution.
Non-UN countries may join with the World Health Assembly’s majority vote.
Jurisdictions without international affairs can become associate members.
Focus Areas:
Advises on various health topics like air quality, environmental health, diabetes, etc.
Supports population health initiatives, emphasizing health indicators and determinants.
Recognitions:
Acknowledges social determinants’ role in health, life expectancy, and illness acquisition.
Six-Point Agenda:
Guides action on complex international public health issues.
- The agenda includes two health objectives, two strategic needs, and two operational approaches.

Question 8

WHO’s Six-Point Agenda

Answer 8

Health Objectives:

Promoting Development
Priority: Targeting poverty-affected regions and vulnerable groups.
Focus: Addressing socioeconomic inequities for improved health.
Fostering Health Security
Action: Tracking and responding to epidemic outbreaks.
Goal: Implementing measures to control and eliminate health threats.
Strategic Needs:
1.Strengthening Health Systems
Objective: Extending health services to all in need.
Strategy: Reducing poverty and elements contributing to poor health.
2.Harnessing Research & Evidence
Task: Gathering and distributing pertinent health information.
Utilization: Setting priorities and shaping plans based on evidence.
External Approaches:
1. Enhancing Partnerships
Collaboration: Working with UN agencies, international bodies, private sector.
Purpose: Launching health initiatives and optimal resource utilization.
2.Improving Performance
Goal: Enhancing effectiveness in meeting organizational responsibilities.

Question 9

Public Safety Canada Collaboration in Emergency Management

Answer 9

Collaboration Scope: Health departments in Canadian jurisdictions collaborate with Public Safety Canada for emergency management efforts.
Aims: Addressing national and global threats like health emergencies, natural hazards, terrorism, and cyber attacks.
Oversight: Public Safety Canada manages the Emergency Management Planning Guide, detailing hazard protocols.
Framework Support: Supported by the Strategic Emergency Management Plan framework.
Tailored Plans: Each level of government and department crafts specific emergency plans in alignment with the guide.
Examples of Plans: National Counter-Terrorism Plan, Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Guidance for Health Sector (CPIP).
Government Measures: Ensuring rapid responses to national emergencies via collaboration with Public Safety Canada and Public Health Agency of Canada.
Federal Initiatives: National Security Policy, National Emergency Response System (NERS) addressing Canadian concerns.
PHAC Responsibilities: Public Health Agency of Canada’s role in recognizing and responding to public health threats.
PHAC Focus: Goals include public awareness, surveillance, virus containment, effective communication (including social media), and healthcare collaboration.
Resource Access: Establishment of Centre of Emergency Preparedness and Response website providing resources across provinces and territories.

Question 10

North American Collaboration

Answer 10

Partnership: Close collaboration between Canada and CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) in Atlanta, Georgia.
CDC Role: US federal agency focusing on global disease prevention, control, and management.
Collaborative Activities: Ongoing engagement involves sharing information, research outcomes, and surveillance efforts against national and global health threats.
Canadian Equivalent: Public Health Agency of Canada serves as Canada’s counterpart to the CDC.

Question 11

WHO - Global Health Focus

Answer 11

Prominence: WHO is a leading organization in global health, addressing diverse health aspects and emerging international health threats.
Activities:
Monitoring: Tracks disease outbreaks globally.
Alerts: Issues global health alerts.
Guidelines: Develops guidelines aiding countries to prevent infectious disease spread.

Question 12

World Health Assembly (WHA)

Answer 12

Role: Policymaking body for the WHO.
Executive Board: Comprises 34 healthcare-qualified members serving a 3-year term.
Annual Convening: Meets in Geneva to discuss WHO policies, approve budgets, and plan upcoming programs.
Responsibilities: Addresses reports, ensures activity implementation for the following year.

Question 13

Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO)

Answer 13

Objective: Improve health and living standards in the Americas.
Affiliation: Regional Office for the Americas under the WHO and operates within the UN framework.
Membership: Encompasses 35 countries in the Americas.
Focus Areas: Prioritizes promoting effective, community-based primary health care due to healthcare, water, and sanitation deficiencies in member states.

Question 14

OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Answer 14

Composition: Comprises 30 democratic, free-market economy adherent countries, including Canada.
Collaboration Purpose: Governments collaborate via the OECD to compare policy experiences and find solutions to shared issues.
Health Evaluation: Assesses medical care quality and health outcomes within member nations.
Report Example: “Health at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators” provided insights into healthcare performance, identifying health status variations and comparing them against related healthcare system standards.

Question 15

Outbreak vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic

Answer 15

Outbreak Definition: Sudden increase in infectious disease occurrence, global or localized.
Epidemic Definition: Rise in disease cases surpassing expected numbers in a specific area; often leads to serious health impacts.
Pandemic Definition: Sustained global transmission of an infectious disease; severity doesn’t dictate pandemic classification.
Example: Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic as a global transmission instance.

Question 16

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)

Answer 16

Outbreak: Regional epidemic in West Africa, mainly Guinea, Serra Leone, and Liberia.
Transmission: Contact with infected animals/people, coughing/sneezing droplets.
Global Alert: WHO issued an alert in 2014, ethics discussions on unproven vaccines.
Fatality Rate: High, 50-90%, over 11,000 deaths from March 2014 to December 2016.
Challenges: Difficult containment, led to UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response.
Canada Response: EVD cases reportable to PHAC, enhanced infection control procedures.

Question 17

Zika Virus Disease (ZVD)

Answer 17

Emergence: Originated in South America in 2015, major impact in Brazil.
Transmission: Primarily via Aedes mosquito, also sexually and through blood/tissue donation.
Spread: Moved to the Caribbean, Southern Florida, and Texas through travel.
Reported Cases: US had over 5,600 symptomatic cases in 2018, territories had over 37,000 cases.
Canada Cases: 548 reported cases by December 2017, travel-related.
Impact: Concerns on birth defects in babies born to infected mothers.
Associated Conditions: Microcephaly, Guillain-Barré syndrome, eye problems, premature births.
Public Health Response: WHO declared it a global threat in 2014, concerns for pregnant women.
Mortality: Suspected deaths fewer compared to EVD, major concern is birth anomalies.
Reporting: Cases reportable in both US and Canada, testing complex with limited detection window.

Question 18

Influenza and Pandemic Preparedness

Answer 18

Vaccine Formulation: WHO experts meet biannually to review evidence and make seasonal flu vaccine recommendations.
Global Surveillance: WHO uses data from Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System for annual vaccine suggestions.
2017-2018 Season: Epidemic in Europe and North America with rapid spread, severe symptoms, higher hospitalization, mortality rates.
Outbreak Response: Adherence to regional public health authority guidelines during epidemics, involving stakeholders like physicians, hospitals, and care facilities.
Economic and Health Impacts: Influenza outbreaks affect global and national economies and population health.
WHO Responsibility: Monitors global influenza threats, issues alerts based on Pandemic Influenza Risk Management guidance.
Guideline Incorporation: Pandemic guidelines revised in 2013 incorporating IHR principles, emphasizing risk assessment, communication, and regional strategies.
Lesson Incorporation: Revised guidelines aim to prevent unnecessary stockpiling, tailor responses, share research, and manage risks effectively.
Canadian Response: Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (CPIP) aligns with WHO guidance, updated after SARS and 2009 pandemic.
Improvements: CPIP improvements include communication, surveillance, tracking, containment, treatment methods.
Government Collaboration: Federal plans take priority in national emergencies, collaborating with jurisdictions.
Tailored Approaches: Emphasizes region-specific risk management considering diverse community needs in emergencies.

Question 19

2.1:

Answer 19

Mission: Aim to make Canadians among the world’s healthiest.
Government Power: Limited federal authority over healthcare in provinces/territories.
Compliance Enforcement: Health Canada enforces Canada Health Act, withholding funds if breached.

Question 20

2.2:

Answer 20

Leadership: Minister of Health heads Health Canada, supported by various officials.
Appointments: Minister appointed by Parliament, deputies and assistants are not.
Responsibilities: Oversee agencies, supervise data, collaborate with provincial/territorial govts.

Question 21

2.3:

Answer 21

Internal Services: Provide general services across Health Canada.
Organizational Structure: Minister, Deputy/Associate Ministers, Branches, Directorates, Agencies.
Branches: First Nations and Inuit Health, Health Products and Food, Healthy Environments, Communication.

Question 22

2.4:

Answer 22

Autonomous Agencies: Work alongside Health Canada: PHAC, CIHR, Hazardous Materials Review, Patented Medicine Prices Review Board.
PHAC: Focuses on health promotion, disease prevention, outbreak tracking, recommends measures.
CIHR: Directs research projects nationally.

Question 23

2.5:

Answer 23

International Collaboration: Health Canada partners with global organizations to enhance health.
WHO: Provides global health leadership, recognizes health threats like H1N1.
Pan-American Health Organization: Focuses on enhancing health in the Americas.
OECD: Evaluates medical care quality and health outcomes in member countries.

Question 24

Population Health Approach Implementation

Answer 24

Collaboration Need: Requires cooperation among agencies, health professionals, policymakers, and volunteers.
Lead Role: Public Health Agency drives population health initiatives, supported by key partners like CIHI, CIHR, and Statistics Canada.
Formal Plan Requirement: Coordinated execution, element identification, and clear roles definition for successful implementation.
PHAC’s Framework: Eight key elements serve as the framework for the population health approach.
Template Purpose: Health Canada’s population health template aids researchers, policy advisors, and stakeholders in developing initiatives.
Common Framework: Ensures continuity and standardization across health-related policies and programs.
Procedure Outline: Defines necessary policies and procedures for population health approach implementation.
Assessment Tool: Helps government authorities assess feasibility and suitability of research proposals.
Core Elements Focus: Key elements 1 and 2 emphasize core population health definition within the framework.

Question 25

Key Element 1: Focus on Target Population Health

Answer 25

Target Population: May include individuals in various areas or specific groups (e.g., ethnic, age). Study Focus: General health or specific aspects (e.g., cancer rates) within defined areas. Time Frame: Varied, from months to years, covering multiple health issues. Indicators: Include morbidity, mortality, hospitalization rates, and aggregate measurements. Contextual Influences: Demographics, area characteristics, government involvement impact study phases.

Question 26

Key Element 2: Addressing Health Determinants

Answer 26

Determinants Consideration: All factors influencing the health of the target population. Interactions Examination: Assess interactions among determinants, select relevant indicators. Intervention Foundation: Information base for developing and implementing health interventions. Complexity: Analyzing determinants and interactions can be intricate. Multiple Influence: Health issues often linked to multiple determinants, seldom singular causes. Example: Diabetes linked to obesity, poor nutrition, and food insecurity.

Question 27

Key Element 3: Evidence-Informed Decision Making

Answer 27

Crucial Stage: Important in issue selection, intervention choice, and implementation decisions. Utilized Data: Both qualitative (beliefs, behaviors) and quantitative (numerical, statistics). Organized Approach: Transparency, ongoing examination for current, relevant, and objective information. Complex Implementation: Involves multiple stakeholders, contextual considerations. Ongoing Evaluation: Essential for interventions and policy changes, modifications as needed.

Question 28

Key Element 4: Increase Upstream Investments

Answer 28

Focus: Actions benefiting health before problems arise, targeting root causes of health issues. Approach: Addresses social, economic, and environmental determinants of health. Stakeholder Involvement: Requires commitment from political, community leaders, medical professionals. Proactive Approach: Health promotion, disease/injury prevention for cost savings and healthier futures. Strategies: Promote healthy behaviors, reduce risk behaviors, engage in routine screenings. Evaluation and Adjustment: Periodic reevaluation, adjustments for effectiveness. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Aims for cost-effective interventions to achieve optimal outcomes.

Question 29

Key Element 5: Apply Multiple Strategies

Answer 29

Goal Achievement: Introduce interventions aligned with population health goals. Tailored Actions: Appropriate for target population's age, health, environment over a specified period. Determinants Focus: Address all health determinants across the healthcare continuum. Collaboration Importance: Government collaboration with sectors impacting intervention success. Gardasil Vaccine Example: Required massive public relations, ongoing education, and updates.

Question 30

Key Element 6: Collaborate Across Sectors and Levels

Answer 30

Intersectoral Collaboration: Partnerships between diverse segments (citizens, industry, government) for health improvement. Challenges: Harmonizing values, opinions, agendas, but commitment to common goals is crucial. Essential Values: Shared ideals and work towards improving health outcomes. Examples: Pan-Canadian Public Health Network, international cooperation with WHO, global disease outbreak containment. Significance: International collaboration vital for outbreak tracking, sharing infection control best practices. Research Emphasis: Ongoing research (e.g., Ebola vaccine development) highlights global health challenges' collaborative solutions.

Question 31

Key Element 7: Engage the Public

Answer 31

Crucial Support: Public backing vital for successful healthcare implementations. Enhancing Involvement: Increases citizen acceptance and meaningful participation. Early Positive Capture: Important as reversing public opinion is challenging. Trust Establishment: Crucial for open decision-making and implementation processes. Addressing Public Queries: Timely, convincing responses crucial for maintaining support. Opioid Crisis Example: Involvement of politicians, health organizations, and the public in crisis management (harm reduction centers, naloxone distribution).

Question 32

Key Element 8: Demonstrate Accountability

Answer 32

Emphasis on Accountability: Attributing health changes to specific policies or programs. Impact on Planning: Encourages selecting interventions producing significant health results. Establishing Accountability: Baseline measures, target setting, and progress monitoring. Evaluation Tools: Assessing policy/program impact on population health. Results Publicity: Essential for generating widespread support for successful initiatives.

Question 33

Population Health Promotion Model

Answer 33

Integration Concept: Merging population health and health promotion into a unified model. Recognizing Influences: Acknowledging multiple factors impacting both population and individual health. Integrated Model Basis: Integrated Model of Population Health and Health Promotion (IMPHHP). Organizing Health Areas: WHAT (understanding determinants), HOW (developing strategies), WHO (engaging stakeholders). Complexity Acknowledgment: Understanding the intricate nature of health promotion. Determinants as Indicators: Using health determinants to measure and guide health promotion. Policy Sources: Informed by research studies, experiential knowledge, and current program evaluations. Future-Oriented Investments: Anticipating future strategies in health promotion. Comprehensive Determinant Focus: Acknowledging all determinants while allowing focus on specific ones. Flexibility and Applicability: Applicable across government levels, community agencies, flexible for adaptation. Current Application: Vital in addressing ongoing issues like mental health and opioid crises. Government and Community Efforts: Engaging in overdose prevention, rehab, and community safety measures.

Question 34

Population Health in Canada: Provincial Initiatives

Answer 34

Relative Success: Canadian approach requires ongoing research, funding, and government commitment. Provincial Agencies: Each province/territory addresses unique health needs, collaborates with federal bodies. Jurisdictional Differences: Varied approaches in addressing specific health issues. Example - Alberta: Vision 2020 outlines goals for healthcare and public health service improvements. Alberta's Priorities: Equitable healthcare facility use, shorter service wait times. British Columbia's Framework: Focuses on preventing diseases, ensuring health equity. Saskatchewan's Update: Focus on Mental Health and Addiction Services, population health promotion. Updated Strategies: Retains Ottawa Charter's four strategies, adds two new ones. "Areas for Action": Emphasizes changing life stages, settings, conditions for good health. National Initiatives - PHAC: Engages in various health promotion initiatives, addresses mental health, health determinants. Collaborative Efforts: PHAC collaborates with provinces, mental health organizations. CIHI Strategic Plan: Focus on improved information gathering, vulnerable populations, mental health, Indigenous groups, and children/youth.

Question 35

Aging Population in Canada

Answer 35

Population Shift: Aging population strains healthcare and economy. Demographic Shift: More older Canadians than children expected by 2061. Gender Disparity: Women over 65 outnumbering men by around 20%. Contributing Factors: Post-WWII baby boom, increased longevity, lower birth rates. Projected Increase: Older adults might account for 25-30% of the population by 2056. Societal & Economic Impact: Fewer young workers impacting social safety net. Potential Solutions: Government measures could focus on birth rate and immigration.

Question 36

Determinants of Health

Answer 36

The health of individuals, groups, and populations is influenced by various factors beyond genetics and biology. Ten generally accepted health determinants significantly impact health, particularly socioeconomic factors. Interconnected determinants collectively affect health more than isolated factors.

Question 37

Implementation of Population Health Measures

Answer 37

Effective implementation of population health measures necessitates collaboration among various stakeholders. Stakeholders involved in the collaboration include organizations, health professionals, volunteers, policymakers, and others. The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) leads this collaboration.

Question 38

PHAC Framework for Population Health

Answer 38

PHAC's framework consists of eight key elements guiding the process of implementing population health measures across Canada. These elements encompass focusing on target population groups, engaging the public, and assuming accountability for health outcomes.

Question 39

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

Answer 39

PHAC utilizes a template and logo for population health. The template aids in ongoing health measurement and strategy development for improving the health of Canadians.

Question 40

Population Health Promotion Model

Answer 40

Segments population health into "what," "how," and "who." Identifies health problems, strategies for resolution, and affected demographics. Stresses evidence-based decision-making for effective strategies.

Question 41

Modernization of Population Health Models

Answer 41

Saskatchewan and other jurisdictions, including the Federal Government, modernized population health models. The 8 key elements of health promotion serve as a platform for continuous adjustment and modernization of health promotion initiatives.

Question 42

Information Sharing Across Canada

Answer 42

Various federal organizations gather information available to all provinces and territories. Each jurisdiction tailors the information to meet the specific needs of its population.