Chronobiology of Sleep Lec27 Flashcards
what stage of sleep do you spend the most time in
Stage 2 gets the most time (49%)
Throughout the night, deep sleep intervals increase in ____ with succeeding cycles
length
what is nREM?
stages 1-4
fast saw tooth waves signify
rem sleep
eeg looks ___ during rem
awake
Dreams might be caused by (3)
unconscious desires, consolidation of memory, or removal of unwanted memories.
what decreases when we age (in terms of sleep)
- length 2. deep sleep, stages 3-4
melatonin ___ at night
increases
melatonin lowers ___ and ___
brain activation and arousal
when does cortisol peak
during the am
what NT does the reticular activation system use
acetylcholine (ACh), glutamate (Glu), norepi (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT), & histamine (HA)
ACh is released during __ and __
wakefulness and REM sleep
Ach is released from the
basal forebrain and LDT and PPT
importance of basal forebrain in sleep?
- makes acetylcholine 2. makes gaba, which inhbiits the inhbiitory neurons of sleep centers
LDT/PPT projects primarily to
- thalamus 2. lateral hypothalamus 3. basal forebrain
___ optimizes attention and task performance
norepinephrine
___ firing during wakefulness > during NREM > during REM
locus corelueus (norepinephrine) TMN in posterior thalamus (histamine)
not enough NE leads to ___
sleepiness
excessive firing of norepinephrine leads to ___ and ___
insomnia and anxiety
insomnia and anxiety caused by high norepinephrine can be tx with
alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptor inhibitors
___is released from the TMN in the posterior hypothalamus
Histamine (HA)
Histamine receptors involved with wakefulness
h2
__ receptors INHIBIT histamine
h3
blocking ___ receptors –> wakefulness
H3
how is serotonin involved with sleep?
promotes wakefulness (via RAS) and inhibits REM
3 areas that release dopamine
substantia nigra, vta, PAG
where is dopamine released from that is invovled with sleep
PAG, causes wakefulness
release of dopamine by PAG increases
wakefulness
___ provides motivational arousal
Dopamine
___ does task-oriented alertness
norepinephrine
___ (a.k.a Hypocretin) is the wakefulness regulator.
Orexin
orexin is not part of the
ras
orexin is produced by the
lateral hypothalmus
when doe orexin fires
only fires when awake, not during nrem or rem
___ corodiantes and gates all the arousal systems
thalamus
___ is associated with coritcal arousal
glutaamate
____ is probably the origin of sleep spindles
thalamus
the thalamus probably triggers the ___ levles tha tpromote waking up or rem sleep
acetylcholine
what is deep sleep
stage 3-4
spend least time in what sleep stage
1
REM amount ____ throughout the night
increases
Stage __ lessens throghuout the night
4
order of sleep cycle?
1-2-3-4-rem-2-3-4-rem-2-3-4..
order of amount of time we spend in each sleep stage? from most to least
stage
2
3/4
rem
1
during alert what waves do you have
beta
during awake but drowsy what waves do you have
alpha
during stage 1 what waves do you have
theta waves
during stage 2 what waves do you have
sleep spindles and k complexes
during stage 3 and 4 what waves do you have
delta
during stage __ you have parasympathetic control, lower vital signs, resotratorive sleep
4
___ tone dominantes during rem
syympathetic
stage 2
low voltage, fast, random activity
awake but drowsy, alpha waves
synchrnous delta waves occur during __ sleep
stage 3
ach, glutamate, monoamines increased.. increased ___
wakefulness
the ___ promotes wakefulness while lowering sleepiness
basal forebrain
know serotnonin __ seems to be the clock gene
7
if you block serotonin 7 receptor you promote and correct
circardian rhtym
tueromamillary ncuelus is associated with
hsitamine
The TMN promotes wakefulness and is part of the on/off sleep-wake switch of the
SCN
RAS operates by
incrementally increasing norepinphrine, dopamine, serotonin, ach
in ptsd, the ___ may be set at like 120%
ras
