chronic adaptations Flashcards
cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training
- ^ size of left ventricle
- ^ stroke volume
- ^ blood volume and ^ haemoglobin
- ^ capillary density
- decreased systolic BP
- ^ a-VO2 diff
- decreased resting and sub max HR and improved HR recovery rates
increased size of left ventricle results in ^ SV and Q
cardiovascular adaptations
Q=SVxHR; more o2 blood can be pumped out of the heart and delivered to the working muscles due to ^ SV. Enables more O2 to be delivered to the muscles so the athlete can work at higher sub max intensities.
increased capillary density
cardiovascular adaptations
aerobic training ^ # of capillaries surrounding the muscles (^ opportunities for gas exchange @ muslce) allowing greater amounts of o2 to e delivered to the working muscles anabling the athlete to work at higher intensities.
^ aerobic pwr, LIP occurs @ higher % of HRM
increased blood volume + haemoglobin
cardiovascular adaptations
^ blood volume = ^ RBC and haemoglobin, ^ o2 delivery to the working muscles. icreased blood means increased haemoglin.^ o2 carrying capacity in the blood so more o2 can be delivered + diffused into the muscles. higher sub max intensities and LIP occurs @ ^ % HRM.
what does haemoglobin do
haemoglobin found in RBC helps transport o2 from the lungs to the working muscles
Muscular adaptations to aerobic training
- ^ oxidative enzymes
- ^ myoglobin
- ^ mitachondria density
- ^ capillary density
- ^ glycogen storage
- ^ triglyceride storage + fat metabolizing enzyme.
greater A-VO2 difference
muscular adaptation
^ A-VO2 diff mean o2 can be extracted from the arteries + used by the working muscles to resynthesize ATP aerobically. more o2 coonsumed by the muscles enable the athlete to work at higher sub max intensities.
what does myoglobin do
assists in delivering 02 across the cell membrane to the mitachondria
increased myoglobin
muscular adaptation
^ myoglobin enables greater amounts of ATP to be resynthesized aerobically allowing the athlete to work @ ^ sub max intensity
mitachondria
sites of ATP in the muscles + where glycogen and triglycerides are stored and oxidized to produce energy aerobically
increased mitachondria density
muscular adaptation
after aerobic training, mitachondria ^ in size and number, ^ sites of ATP production, ^ atheletes aerobic pwr and can work at higher sub max intensities.
increased oxidative enzymes
muscular adaptation
^ the rate at which ATP is resynthesized aerobically by speeding up the rate in which fuels are broken down in the muscle. Faster oxidation, faster ATP is resynthesized aerobically > greater aerobic pwr and can work at high intensities
increased oxidation of glycogen and triglycerides
muscular adaptation
^ oxidation of fats as a fuel due to more storages of triglycerides + oxidative enzyme means at any intensity an athlete has to rely less on glycogen ‘sparring’ the bodies preferred fuel
increased triglyceride storage + fat metabolism
muscular adaptation
Delays fatigue caused by the depletion of glycogen, as the athlete can use the preferred fuel of glycogen for longer. Enables athlete to maintain higher intensities for longer
Respiratory adaptations to aerobic training
- larger lung volme and & pulmonary diffusion
- increased tidal volume
- decreased ventilation at rest + sub max intensities
- increased V and RR @ sub max intensities
Increased pulmonary diffusion
Respiratory adaptations
- made possible b/c ^ capillary surface area providing more sites for pulmonary diffusion
- results in more opportunities for o2 to be diffused into the bloodstream + transported to the working muscles
- enables athlete to resynthesize ATP aerobically + the athlete can work at ^ sub max intensities
why is Ventilation lower in aerobically trained athletes at high intensities compared to untrained
Respiratory adaptations
- ventilation decreases at rest and sub max intensities due to ^ pulmonary diffusion as the athlete can diffuse more o2 from the alveoli into the capillaries ( TV^) hence the athlete can reduce RR due to improved o2 extraction rate
Ventilatory efficiency
Respiratory adaptations
- Ve becomes for efficient as the athlete require less o2 or the mechanisms require for breathing
- less o2 required for breathing muscles means ^ o2 is available for working muscles
anaerobic adaptations
- ^ leves of anaerobic enzymes (myosin, ATPase)
- ^ PC stores
- ^ glycoen storage + ^ glycolytic enzumes menas ^ glycolytic capacity
- hypertrophy of sketetal muscles
- ^ muscle buffering capacity so develop lactate tolerance
increased hypertrophy
anaerobic adaptations
- large muscle fibres is a result of an increase in size and number of myofibrils and myosin and actin myofilaments resulting in a greater ability to produce strength, power, speed and force
- also results in an ^ capacity to store ATP and PC so ^ capacity to produce energy via ATP-PC system and faster restore ATP
increased ATP and PC
anaerobic adaptations
results in a greater capacity to produce energy quickly via the ATP-PC system and faster restoration of PC and ATP. this enables athletes to generate max efforts for longer and recover faster after max intensity activities.
what does myosin ATPase do
assists int he breakdown to ATP
what does Creatine kinase do
splits PC faster resulting in faster rebuilding of ATP via the ATP-PC system
Increased ATPase
anaerobic adaptations
results in faster breakdown of ATP which results in a faster release of energy enabling athletes to perform @ higher anaerobic intensities
increased creatine kinase
anaerobic adaptations
results in faster splitting of PC enabling ATP to be rebuilt at a more rapid rate via the ATP-PC system so can sustain max intensities for longer
increased glycogen stores and glycolytic enzymes/capacity
anaerobic adaptations
^ stores of glycogen and ^ levels of glycolytic enzymes enhances the capactity of the AG system.
t/f the AG system can be used at higher intensities b/c of the faster breakdown of glycogen for energy t/f rebuild ATP more rapidly
increased muscle buffering capacity
anaerobic adaptations
^ lactate tolerance means the athlete can withstand the fatiguing affects of H+ ions meaning the athlete can us the AG so can maintain greater spped for longer as the AG system system rebuilds ATP more rapidly than the aerobic system.
increased neural muscular function
neural adaptation
- anaerobic training enhances motor unit recruitment (strength, plyos, short int)
- > neural adaptations may improve strength and force despite no change in hypertrophy
- ^ # of motor units recruited
- ^ firing rate of motor units recruited
- ^ synchronisation of motor units
anaerobic cardiovascular adaptation
ONLY ONE
anaerobic traiing will ^ thickness of LV resulting in blood being ejected more forcefully from the heart. SV X change & there is no performance benefit.
