chronic adaptations

Question 1

cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training

Answer 1

• ^ size of left ventricle
• ^ stroke volume
• ^ blood volume and ^ haemoglobin
• ^ capillary density
• decreased systolic BP
• ^ a-VO2 diff
• decreased resting and sub max HR and improved HR recovery rates

Question 2

increased size of left ventricle results in ^ SV and Q

cardiovascular adaptations

Answer 2

Q=SVxHR; more o2 blood can be pumped out of the heart and delivered to the working muscles due to ^ SV. Enables more O2 to be delivered to the muscles so the athlete can work at higher sub max intensities.

Question 3

increased capillary density

cardiovascular adaptations

Answer 3

aerobic training ^ # of capillaries surrounding the muscles (^ opportunities for gas exchange @ muslce) allowing greater amounts of o2 to e delivered to the working muscles anabling the athlete to work at higher intensities.
^ aerobic pwr, LIP occurs @ higher % of HRM

Question 4

increased blood volume + haemoglobin

cardiovascular adaptations

Answer 4

^ blood volume = ^ RBC and haemoglobin, ^ o2 delivery to the working muscles. icreased blood means increased haemoglin.^ o2 carrying capacity in the blood so more o2 can be delivered + diffused into the muscles. higher sub max intensities and LIP occurs @ ^ % HRM.

Question 5

what does haemoglobin do

Answer 5

haemoglobin found in RBC helps transport o2 from the lungs to the working muscles

Question 6

Muscular adaptations to aerobic training

Answer 6

• ^ oxidative enzymes
• ^ myoglobin
• ^ mitachondria density
• ^ capillary density
• ^ glycogen storage
• ^ triglyceride storage + fat metabolizing enzyme.

Question 7

greater A-VO2 difference

muscular adaptation

Answer 7

^ A-VO2 diff mean o2 can be extracted from the arteries + used by the working muscles to resynthesize ATP aerobically. more o2 coonsumed by the muscles enable the athlete to work at higher sub max intensities.

Question 8

what does myoglobin do

Answer 8

assists in delivering 02 across the cell membrane to the mitachondria

Question 9

increased myoglobin

muscular adaptation

Answer 9

^ myoglobin enables greater amounts of ATP to be resynthesized aerobically allowing the athlete to work @ ^ sub max intensity

Question 10

mitachondria

Answer 10

sites of ATP in the muscles + where glycogen and triglycerides are stored and oxidized to produce energy aerobically

Question 11

increased mitachondria density

muscular adaptation

Answer 11

after aerobic training, mitachondria ^ in size and number, ^ sites of ATP production, ^ atheletes aerobic pwr and can work at higher sub max intensities.

Question 12

increased oxidative enzymes

muscular adaptation

Answer 12

^ the rate at which ATP is resynthesized aerobically by speeding up the rate in which fuels are broken down in the muscle. Faster oxidation, faster ATP is resynthesized aerobically > greater aerobic pwr and can work at high intensities

Question 13

increased oxidation of glycogen and triglycerides

muscular adaptation

Answer 13

^ oxidation of fats as a fuel due to more storages of triglycerides + oxidative enzyme means at any intensity an athlete has to rely less on glycogen ‘sparring’ the bodies preferred fuel

Question 14

increased triglyceride storage + fat metabolism

muscular adaptation

Answer 14

Delays fatigue caused by the depletion of glycogen, as the athlete can use the preferred fuel of glycogen for longer. Enables athlete to maintain higher intensities for longer

Question 15

Respiratory adaptations to aerobic training

Answer 15

• larger lung volme and & pulmonary diffusion
• increased tidal volume
• decreased ventilation at rest + sub max intensities
• increased V and RR @ sub max intensities

Question 16

Increased pulmonary diffusion

Respiratory adaptations

Answer 16

• made possible b/c ^ capillary surface area providing more sites for pulmonary diffusion
• results in more opportunities for o2 to be diffused into the bloodstream + transported to the working muscles
• enables athlete to resynthesize ATP aerobically + the athlete can work at ^ sub max intensities

Question 17

why is Ventilation lower in aerobically trained athletes at high intensities compared to untrained

Respiratory adaptations

Answer 17

• ventilation decreases at rest and sub max intensities due to ^ pulmonary diffusion as the athlete can diffuse more o2 from the alveoli into the capillaries ( TV^) hence the athlete can reduce RR due to improved o2 extraction rate

Question 18

Ventilatory efficiency

Respiratory adaptations

Answer 18

• Ve becomes for efficient as the athlete require less o2 or the mechanisms require for breathing
• less o2 required for breathing muscles means ^ o2 is available for working muscles

Question 19

anaerobic adaptations

Answer 19

• ^ leves of anaerobic enzymes (myosin, ATPase)
• ^ PC stores
• ^ glycoen storage + ^ glycolytic enzumes menas ^ glycolytic capacity
• hypertrophy of sketetal muscles
• ^ muscle buffering capacity so develop lactate tolerance

Question 20

increased hypertrophy

anaerobic adaptations

Answer 20

• large muscle fibres is a result of an increase in size and number of myofibrils and myosin and actin myofilaments resulting in a greater ability to produce strength, power, speed and force
• also results in an ^ capacity to store ATP and PC so ^ capacity to produce energy via ATP-PC system and faster restore ATP

Question 21

increased ATP and PC

anaerobic adaptations

Answer 21

results in a greater capacity to produce energy quickly via the ATP-PC system and faster restoration of PC and ATP. this enables athletes to generate max efforts for longer and recover faster after max intensity activities.

Question 22

what does myosin ATPase do

Answer 22

assists int he breakdown to ATP

Question 23

what does Creatine kinase do

Answer 23

splits PC faster resulting in faster rebuilding of ATP via the ATP-PC system

Question 24

Increased ATPase

anaerobic adaptations

Answer 24

results in faster breakdown of ATP which results in a faster release of energy enabling athletes to perform @ higher anaerobic intensities

Question 25

increased creatine kinase

anaerobic adaptations

Answer 25

results in faster splitting of PC enabling ATP to be rebuilt at a more rapid rate via the ATP-PC system so can sustain max intensities for longer

Question 26

increased glycogen stores and glycolytic enzymes/capacity

anaerobic adaptations

Answer 26

^ stores of glycogen and ^ levels of glycolytic enzymes enhances the capactity of the AG system.
t/f the AG system can be used at higher intensities b/c of the faster breakdown of glycogen for energy t/f rebuild ATP more rapidly

Question 27

increased muscle buffering capacity

anaerobic adaptations

Answer 27

^ lactate tolerance means the athlete can withstand the fatiguing affects of H+ ions meaning the athlete can us the AG so can maintain greater spped for longer as the AG system system rebuilds ATP more rapidly than the aerobic system.

Question 28

increased neural muscular function

neural adaptation

Answer 28

• anaerobic training enhances motor unit recruitment (strength, plyos, short int)
• > neural adaptations may improve strength and force despite no change in hypertrophy
• ^ # of motor units recruited
• ^ firing rate of motor units recruited
• ^ synchronisation of motor units

Question 29

anaerobic cardiovascular adaptation

ONLY ONE

Answer 29

anaerobic traiing will ^ thickness of LV resulting in blood being ejected more forcefully from the heart. SV X change & there is no performance benefit.