chronic adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training

A
  • ^ size of left ventricle
  • ^ stroke volume
  • ^ blood volume and ^ haemoglobin
  • ^ capillary density
  • decreased systolic BP
  • ^ a-VO2 diff
  • decreased resting and sub max HR and improved HR recovery rates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

increased size of left ventricle results in ^ SV and Q

cardiovascular adaptations

A

Q=SVxHR; more o2 blood can be pumped out of the heart and delivered to the working muscles due to ^ SV. Enables more O2 to be delivered to the muscles so the athlete can work at higher sub max intensities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

increased capillary density

cardiovascular adaptations

A

aerobic training ^ # of capillaries surrounding the muscles (^ opportunities for gas exchange @ muslce) allowing greater amounts of o2 to e delivered to the working muscles anabling the athlete to work at higher intensities.
^ aerobic pwr, LIP occurs @ higher % of HRM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

increased blood volume + haemoglobin

cardiovascular adaptations

A

^ blood volume = ^ RBC and haemoglobin, ^ o2 delivery to the working muscles. icreased blood means increased haemoglin.^ o2 carrying capacity in the blood so more o2 can be delivered + diffused into the muscles. higher sub max intensities and LIP occurs @ ^ % HRM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does haemoglobin do

A

haemoglobin found in RBC helps transport o2 from the lungs to the working muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Muscular adaptations to aerobic training

A
  • ^ oxidative enzymes
  • ^ myoglobin
  • ^ mitachondria density
  • ^ capillary density
  • ^ glycogen storage
  • ^ triglyceride storage + fat metabolizing enzyme.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

greater A-VO2 difference

muscular adaptation

A

^ A-VO2 diff mean o2 can be extracted from the arteries + used by the working muscles to resynthesize ATP aerobically. more o2 coonsumed by the muscles enable the athlete to work at higher sub max intensities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does myoglobin do

A

assists in delivering 02 across the cell membrane to the mitachondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

increased myoglobin

muscular adaptation

A

^ myoglobin enables greater amounts of ATP to be resynthesized aerobically allowing the athlete to work @ ^ sub max intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mitachondria

A

sites of ATP in the muscles + where glycogen and triglycerides are stored and oxidized to produce energy aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

increased mitachondria density

muscular adaptation

A

after aerobic training, mitachondria ^ in size and number, ^ sites of ATP production, ^ atheletes aerobic pwr and can work at higher sub max intensities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

increased oxidative enzymes

muscular adaptation

A

^ the rate at which ATP is resynthesized aerobically by speeding up the rate in which fuels are broken down in the muscle. Faster oxidation, faster ATP is resynthesized aerobically > greater aerobic pwr and can work at high intensities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

increased oxidation of glycogen and triglycerides

muscular adaptation

A

^ oxidation of fats as a fuel due to more storages of triglycerides + oxidative enzyme means at any intensity an athlete has to rely less on glycogen ‘sparring’ the bodies preferred fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

increased triglyceride storage + fat metabolism

muscular adaptation

A

Delays fatigue caused by the depletion of glycogen, as the athlete can use the preferred fuel of glycogen for longer. Enables athlete to maintain higher intensities for longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Respiratory adaptations to aerobic training

A
  • larger lung volme and & pulmonary diffusion
  • increased tidal volume
  • decreased ventilation at rest + sub max intensities
  • increased V and RR @ sub max intensities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Increased pulmonary diffusion

Respiratory adaptations

A
  • made possible b/c ^ capillary surface area providing more sites for pulmonary diffusion
  • results in more opportunities for o2 to be diffused into the bloodstream + transported to the working muscles
  • enables athlete to resynthesize ATP aerobically + the athlete can work at ^ sub max intensities
17
Q

why is Ventilation lower in aerobically trained athletes at high intensities compared to untrained

Respiratory adaptations

A
  • ventilation decreases at rest and sub max intensities due to ^ pulmonary diffusion as the athlete can diffuse more o2 from the alveoli into the capillaries ( TV^) hence the athlete can reduce RR due to improved o2 extraction rate
18
Q

Ventilatory efficiency

Respiratory adaptations

A
  • Ve becomes for efficient as the athlete require less o2 or the mechanisms require for breathing
  • less o2 required for breathing muscles means ^ o2 is available for working muscles
19
Q

anaerobic adaptations

A
  • ^ leves of anaerobic enzymes (myosin, ATPase)
  • ^ PC stores
  • ^ glycoen storage + ^ glycolytic enzumes menas ^ glycolytic capacity
  • hypertrophy of sketetal muscles
  • ^ muscle buffering capacity so develop lactate tolerance
20
Q

increased hypertrophy

anaerobic adaptations

A
  • large muscle fibres is a result of an increase in size and number of myofibrils and myosin and actin myofilaments resulting in a greater ability to produce strength, power, speed and force
  • also results in an ^ capacity to store ATP and PC so ^ capacity to produce energy via ATP-PC system and faster restore ATP
21
Q

increased ATP and PC

anaerobic adaptations

A

results in a greater capacity to produce energy quickly via the ATP-PC system and faster restoration of PC and ATP. this enables athletes to generate max efforts for longer and recover faster after max intensity activities.

22
Q

what does myosin ATPase do

A

assists int he breakdown to ATP

23
Q

what does Creatine kinase do

A

splits PC faster resulting in faster rebuilding of ATP via the ATP-PC system

24
Q

Increased ATPase

anaerobic adaptations

A

results in faster breakdown of ATP which results in a faster release of energy enabling athletes to perform @ higher anaerobic intensities

25
Q

increased creatine kinase

anaerobic adaptations

A

results in faster splitting of PC enabling ATP to be rebuilt at a more rapid rate via the ATP-PC system so can sustain max intensities for longer

26
Q

increased glycogen stores and glycolytic enzymes/capacity

anaerobic adaptations

A

^ stores of glycogen and ^ levels of glycolytic enzymes enhances the capactity of the AG system.
t/f the AG system can be used at higher intensities b/c of the faster breakdown of glycogen for energy t/f rebuild ATP more rapidly

27
Q

increased muscle buffering capacity

anaerobic adaptations

A

^ lactate tolerance means the athlete can withstand the fatiguing affects of H+ ions meaning the athlete can us the AG so can maintain greater spped for longer as the AG system system rebuilds ATP more rapidly than the aerobic system.

28
Q

increased neural muscular function

neural adaptation

A
  • anaerobic training enhances motor unit recruitment (strength, plyos, short int)
  • > neural adaptations may improve strength and force despite no change in hypertrophy
  • ^ # of motor units recruited
  • ^ firing rate of motor units recruited
  • ^ synchronisation of motor units
29
Q

anaerobic cardiovascular adaptation

ONLY ONE

A

anaerobic traiing will ^ thickness of LV resulting in blood being ejected more forcefully from the heart. SV X change & there is no performance benefit.