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PE > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter an object is made up of

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2
Q

inertia

A

The tendency for an object to resist its change in emotion.

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3
Q

relationship between mass and inertia

A

the greater the mass of an object the greater its inertia.

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4
Q

force

force (definition, equation, how it affects objects)

A

force= mass x acceleration
- force can be described as a push or pull on an object
1. changes the shape of an object
2. change an objects motion/speed (acceleration, negative acceleration)
3. change an objects direction

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5
Q

internal force

A

internal force can be described as muscles pulling on bones at a joint.

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6
Q

external force

A
  1. AIR AND WATER RESISTANCE (DRAG FORCE) is a frictional force that occurs when one of the surfaces is air or water.
    drag force opposes the direction of motion.
  2. FRICTION occurs when two surfaces contact each other.
  3. GRAVITATIONAL FORCES is when there is a constant downward force acting on objects at 9.8m/s
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7
Q

motion definition and the 3 types

A

refers to the change in position of an object/body in relation to time.
- linear motion
- angular motion
- general motion

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8
Q

acceleration

definition and equation

A

an object positively changing its motion. change in velocity over a period of time
- acceleration = change in velocity/change in time

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9
Q

deceleration

A

something decreasing motion

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10
Q

velocity

definition and equation

A

speed with direction. Time taken to change position
- velocity = displacement/time

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11
Q

linear motion

A

something moving in a straight line or curved path. all parts travel the same distance at the same time in the same direction.

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12
Q

angular motion

A
  1. when a body part rotates around its central axis
  2. an object/body twist or rotates around an axis
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13
Q

Newtons first law of inertia

A

an object will stay at rest or continue to travel in the same direction at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced/external force.
1. the greater the mass of an object the greater the inertia hence the more force required to change the motion of the object with a greater inertia.
2. If an object is at rest (no motion) it will remain at rest.
3. If an object is in motion, it has a tendency to remain in motion

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14
Q

Newton’s second law of force and acceleration

A

The rate of acceleration of a body/object is proportional to the force applied to it and the direction to which the force is applied (force= mass x acceleration)

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15
Q

Newton’s third law of Action/Reaction

A

when two objects come in contact with one another, they exert forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction to each other. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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16
Q

moment of inertia

A

resistance of a body to change its angular rotation

17
Q

linear momentum

definition and equation

A

objects with greater momemtum are harder to stop
mass x velocity
- if an object is stationary it has zero momentum
- if ojects have the same mass, the object with greater velocity will have the greatest momentum
- if two objects have the same velocity, the object with the greatest mass will have the greatest momentum.

18
Q

angular momentum

equation

A

angular velocity x moment of inertia

19
Q

angular velocity

A

rate of rotation around an axis, measured in RPM

20
Q

Conservation of momentum

A
  • when two objects come into contact the total mmomentum that existed before the collision equals the total momentum after.
  • momentum is trandferred from one object to another depending which objects has teh greater mass/velocity. However momentum post contact is conserved.
21
Q

impulse

definition, equation

A

impluse= force x time
- appling force for longer (impulse) results in a change of momentum.
- impulse can be applied to an object to either increase or decrease the momentum of the object
injury prevention
absorbing force over time (force x time) will decrease the momentum of an object or body. the force is absorbed overtime
eg a crash mat will absorb the impact force over a longer period of time, they will still come to resr but with less risk of injury because of the smaller impact force.

22
Q

Summation of momentum

A

summation of momentum
1. BODY PARTS use as many body parts as possible
2. SEQUENCE- move larger (slower) stronger body parts first eg quads. followed by the smaller (faster) body parts eg hand
3. TIMING move the next body part, only when the previous part has reached maximum velocity
4. STABILIZATION - body parts must be stabilised so that momentum is not lost.
5. appropriate follow through to avoid decleration and loss of momentum

23
Q

Application of summation of momentum

A
  • activate larger body to smaller body parts in a sequence
  • this will increase impulse (fxt) as force is being applied for longer
  • greater impulse (fxt) will result in an increase in momentum (mxv) and velocity of body parts
  • increases agular velocity and momentum of the arm and transfers to the ball
  • increases linear velocity of the ball
  • ball will fly further and faster
24
Q

Projectile motion

definition

A

when an object is launched into the air, it becomes a projectile that is affected by air resistance and gravity

25
Q

Path and distance are impacted by these 3 factors

A
  1. speed of release
  2. angle of release
  3. height of release
26
Q

Angle of release

release height and landing angles

A

45 deg if landing is the same and release height. less than 45 deg if release height is above landing height. greater than 45 deg if release heigh tis lower than landing height

27
Q

factors influencing projectile motion

A
  • velocity
  • mass
  • shape
  • surface area
  • nature of surface area
28
Q

how do you improve balance and stability

A
  1. lower your centre of gravity by bending your knees
  2. widen your base of support by taking feeting further apart
  3. ensure line of centre of gravity is withing base of support
29
Q

describe first clss levers (type)

one example

A

levers have the axis as the central componemnt that separates the force and resistance RAF eg crow bar

30
Q

describe second class levers (type)

one example

A

levers have the resistance as the central component that separates the axis and force ARF eg plantar flexion in a calf raise

31
Q

describe third class levers (type)

an example

A

levers have the force as the central component that separates the axis and the resistance AFR eg throwing a ball

32
Q

what do 1st and 2nd class levers do

A
  • assist in decreasingteh amount of force required to move a mass
  • FORCE MULTIPLYER
  • more force can be applied for less effort
  • mechanical advantage of more that 1
33
Q

force arm

definiton

A

distance between the axis and the force

34
Q

resistance arm

definition

A

distance between force and the resistance

35
Q

what do 3rd class levers do?

A

increase the speed and ROM at the end on the lever
SPEED MULTILIERS so have a mechanical advantage of less than 1
- increase the length of the resistance arm enabling the athelete the increase ROM at the end of the lever therefore increasing the speed/velocity at the end of the lever
- thisallows for greater linear velocityto be transferred to objects upon contact achieveing increased speed/distance
- the longer the resistance arm, the greater the inertia that needs to be overcome.

36
Q

example of a 3rd class lever is a soccer kick. explain

A
  • decreasing the moment of inertia and resistance arm enables the leg to be swung through more quickly with greater angular velocity.
  • increasing the length of the resistance arm increases the ROM at the end of the lever, Ball will travel with greater linear velocity.
37
Q

distance

definition

A

path travelled by an object from start to finish, regardless of the direction travelled

38
Q

displacement

definition

A

change in position of an object from the starting position to the finishing position

39
Q

speed

def and equation

A

time taken to cover a certain distance m/s
- speed = distance/time

PE (8 decks)

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