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BIOL 115 > Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

autosomes:

A

22 pairs of normal chromosomes

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2
Q

features: mitochondrial DNA

A
  • high copy number
  • from mum
  • 13 genes, 22 tRNA
  • high mutation rate
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3
Q

endosymbiont theory:

A
  • precursor to eukaryotic cells
  • host cell engulf prokaryote which becomes mitochondria
  • another photosynthetic= chloroplast
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4
Q

how many bases make up kilobase

A

1 000 bases

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5
Q

how many make up megabase?

A

1 000 000 bases

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6
Q

how many bases in human genome:

A

3000 Mb

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7
Q

chromosome: definition

A

DNA and proteins

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8
Q

chromatid:

A

2 sister chromatids join to form chromosome

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9
Q

centromere:

A

where two chromatids join

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10
Q

how many chromosomes in humans:

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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11
Q

features: ploidy

A

humans have 2n chromosomes (diploid)

  • n= haploid
  • 3n= triploid
  • polyploid more than 2 sets of chromosomes
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12
Q

chromosome structure:

A
  • short (p) and long (q) arm due to uneven centromere

- TP53 gene 17p 13.1

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13
Q

karyotype:

A

number and appearance of chromosomes of eukaryotic cell

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14
Q

chromatin:

A

makes up chromosomes: DNA and proteins

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15
Q

euchromatin:

A

loosely packaged chromatin, actively expressed genes

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16
Q

heterochromatin:

A

unexpressed (inhibited or silenced) genes

17
Q

how are they found: euchromatin and heterochromatin

A
  • they could be condensed into heterochromatin and vice versa
  • condensed genes are less likely expressed
18
Q

how is DNA packaged: histones

A

eukaryotes:

  • DNA is wound around histone proteins
  • DNA + histones = nucleosome
  • 2x of 4 histone proteins = histone core
19
Q

what are the histone proteins:

A

H2A
H2B
H3
H4

20
Q

nucleosome consists of:

A
  • octamer of protein

- 146 bp of DNA

21
Q

thickness of condensed chromatin fibre:

A

30 nm thick

22
Q

chromosome architecture: flow

A

DNA double helix - (beads on a string) nucleosome - 30 nm fibre - 1 loop - 1 rosette (6 loops) 300 nm fibre - 1 coil (30 rosettes) chromatid 700 nm (10 coils each)

23
Q

list 4 chromosome mutations:

A

deletion
duplication
inversion
translocation

24
Q

deletion:

A

removes a chromosomal segment

25
Q

duplication:

A

repeats a segment

26
Q

inversion:

A

reverses a segment in chromosome

27
Q

translocation:

A

moves segment from one chromosome to nonhomologous chromosome

28
Q

list eg of linear and circular DNA

A

linear:
nuclear DNA

circular:
mitochondria, chloroplast

29
Q

different eg of sex determination:

A

humans: XY
XY

chickens: ZW
ZW (females) or ZZ (males)

grasshopper: X0
XX (female) or X (male)

bees: haplo-diploid
- diploid (32) females or haploid (16) for males

BIOL 115 (23 decks)

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