Christian Heritage Test 3 Flashcards
1438; in France, the French king looks at the French church and tells them they can govern their temporalities and you don’t have to ask Rome
Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges
church issues not dealing with spiritual things
temporalities
a new style of learning in opposition to scholasticism; a renewal of interest in classical Greek and Latin literature, art, etc; Christians apply this style of learning to scripture and early Christian writers (the New Testament and Augustine, for example)
Humanism
first person to publish a critical edition of the Greek NT in 1516; he looks at multiple manuscripts and finds the original reading in the differences to the best of his ability
Erasmus
writes the Complutensian Polyglot and it is the first printed critical Greek translation and it has many languages in 1514; made people say Erasmus’s version used too new manuscripts
Ximenes
created the printing press; led to books being cheaper and more people had access to it, which was a big part of the Humanist movement
Gutenberg
old theologian who believed the human condition was fallen and thus people can’t choose good, God is completely sovereign and completely controls everything and human’s can’t earn God’s favor
Augustine
known as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation; a humanist; an Augustinian monk; wrote the 95 Theses
Martin Luther
the assurance of salvation - he writes confessions like Augustine, but is ridden with guilt and wonders how humans can be sure they’ve done enough to merit salvation
Luther’s “problem”
thinks people can freely choose to do good and push them closer to God’s favor
Neo-Pelagians
justification by faith; humans can’t eat God’s favor and salvation is completely sovereign act and it is a gift to be received we just have to receive it in faith; faith isn’t a work
Luther’s “solution”
there is still a penalty for forgiven sins
penance
a remission of the penalty of a forgiven sin cairned by various prescribed conditions or actions; started with Irish monasticism but was abused by the church
indulgence
allows the selling of indulgences to get out of penances to pay for the repairs
Pope Leo X
says “when a coin in the coffers rings, a soul in purgatory springs”
Johann Tetzel
full of disagreements and issues to discuss with the Catholic church and begins the Protestant Reformation
95 Theses
scripture and scripture alone should be the ultimate authority for Christian thought and practice
Sola Scriptura
7 Catholic Sacraments
baptism, eucharist, confirmation, reconciliation, anointing of the sick, marriage, holy orders
Luther’s 3 Sacraments
baptism, eucharist, penance
a long held Catholic tradition that Zwingli said wasn’t found in the Bible
purgatory
Swiss, thinks a lot of the same things as Luther, just differently; struggled with whether material bread and wine can give something divine; known for strict scripturalism, suspicion of idolatry, preference for spirit over matter, discomfort with talk of the real presence of Christ in Eucharist
Huldrych Zwingli
take Zwingli to the nth degree; said infant baptism isn’t really in the Bible; in 1525 they rebaptize themselves a believer’s baptism
Anabaptists
said baptism should only happen after a person decides to follow God as a profession of faith, church is a voluntary organization and you can’t compel people to be a Christian - the church can’t force people, and they practice church discipline and excommunicate people that disagree; said the church should be totally separate from the world, they are pacifists
Schleitheim Confession of Faith (1527)
established as a theocratic OT community in Munster in 1530 buy the anabaptists; reinstated OT principles of polygamy and kicking people out for minor disagreements
New Jerusalem
leader of New Jerusalem
Jan Matthys
reorganizes the anabaptists more moderately
Menno Simons
attempted, but failed, reconciliation between Luther and Zwingli, but resulted in 2 Protestant trajectories; happened because Germany an Switzerland needed to unify politically of military reasons
Colloquy at Marburg (1529)
fled France because of political pressure on religious dissenters to Geneva, Switzerland; believed in predestination and believes scripture is the sole source of the knowledge of God
John Calvin
God must initiate salvation through an act of grace and he chooses to save who he wants to save
divine sovereignty
God chooses who he wants to save and he chooses who he doesn’t save
double predestination
a mirror of human sinfulness, restraint for evil, edification
3 uses of the law
total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, perseverance of the saints
TULIP
married to Catherine, who was married to his brother Arthur, but she couldn’t have a son, so he tried to divorce her; under him, things looked Catholic, but he has both Catholic and Protestants in offices
King Henry VIII
classifies England as an empire and gives Henry power over the church, breaking with Rome
Act of Restraint of Appeals (1533)
calls a meeting in 1536 to look into reform within the Catholic church
Pope Paul III
two key Catholic figures who said there needed to be reform to get rid of simony and the episcopacy needed to be restructured
Joseph Sadolelo and Gasparo Contarini
1541; called by Emperor Charles V to investigate possibilities for Protestant and Catholic reunification; had 3 Catholics and 3 Protestants; they compromised about letting priests marry, all people participating in Eucharist, leaned justification toward by faith alone, but they couldn’t compromise on transubstantiation and mandatory confession, so no reunification
Colloquy at Ratisbon
founded by Ignatius Loyola; wanted to root out Protestantism, advocated for poverty and action, wanted Christianity to be about your personal actions, not church structure
Jesuits
a Spanish soldier who decided to dedicate his military activity toward the church
Ignatius Loyola
1545; a thoroughly Catholic council to clarify and define Catholic Christianity, such as ecclesiastical authority and scripture (66 books + apocrypha confirmed, rejects sola scriptura), rejects justification by faith and accepts faith formed by love, and defined clerical dress, service standards, and the Tridentine Mass; gave Catholicism new life
Council of Trent
an intent to root out Protestantism; involves questioning and torture to find Protestants - a forceful approach
Inquisition
said for the Catholics to overcome the Protestants, it takes personal piety and prayer
Teresa of Avila
said the best way to combat the Protestants was to not be deserving of their criticisms
Peter Canisius
used political power to root out Protestantism, won’t give church/political offices to to Protestants, and wants people to evict Protestants
King Sigmund III of Poland
in the south, was controlled by Catholic Spain; in the north, was uncomfortable with the Spanish meddling in their affairs and couldn’t decide if it was Spain or the church meddling
the Netherlands
becomes a Calvinist, so the Netherlands become Protestants vs Catholics instead of Spain vs Netherlands - a religious battle, not a political battle
William of Orange
start to come out of the woodwork when Catholic Henry II dies, creating conflict
Protestant Huguenots
Catholic family/supporters in France
Guise
Protestant family/supporters in France
Bourbons
a Protestant who becomes king of France after a lot of political/religious unrest; realizes that he needs church support though, so he converts to Catholicism, but is for religious tolerance
Henry of Navarre
gives religious freedom in France
Edict of Navarre
1618-1648; Spanish Catholics vs Swedish/French Protestants
30 Years War
Protestants throw 2 Catholics out of a window, starting the 30 Years War
Defenestration of Prague
1648; ends the 30 Years War, with both sides agreeing to disagree
Peace of Westphalia
was Protestant and/or had Protestant protectors, so he reforms the Church of England to be more Protestant
Edward VI
liturgy that looked Catholic but was Protestant theology; 1549 version got critiqued of how Catholic it seemed; the 1552 version was less formal, and removed images from the church and rejects priest celibacy
English Book of Common Prayer
wants to restore Catholicism; reinstates monasteries and papal authority; biggest hurdles: foreign marriage and persecutes Protestants, which leads to Protestants seeing Catholicism as foreign, but she made the Church of England more Catholic
Mary
brings England back to Protestantism, mostly
Elizabeth I
Protestant theology, Catholic looking liturgy, more flexible and openness on issues
Elizabethan Compromise
pretty Calvinistic Protestants, said Elizabethan Church looked too Catholic and wants the church to be purified; their resistance created issues between the various Protestant groups
Puritans
James I’s son; favors the Elizabethan Compromise; defeated by parliament and Puritan allies controlled by Oliver Cromwell; he is executed
Charles I
becomes the leader of England, so there are largely Puritan ideals; he realizes there is too much support for Elizabethan Compromise and steps down
Oliver Cromwell
king after Cromwell steps down; restores bishops and prayer books, the Elizabethan Compromise, and essentially Anglicanism
Charles II
1494; Pope allots Spain the New World and Portugal Brazil, Africa, and Asia and charges them to spread Christianity
Treaty of Tordesilles
given almost the exclusive right to govern their (Spain and Portugal’s kings) churches in their regions
padroado/patronato
Portuguese held; king is quickly converted, but because of how much the Christians change their society, there is resistance so he backs down; his son, Alfonso I, is a Christian and quells non-Christian competitors to become king and rules with Christian ideals and brings education and technology but Catholicism eventually fades away
Kongo
they are Coptic/monophysitic Christians who continue Jewish practices and are dealing with a lot of Islamic pressure, so the Portuguese send help so there is 60 years of relief; they also try to make them more Catholic and get rid of monophysitism; Susenyes the ruler is willing to give in to Catholicism but his people aren’t on board
Ethiopia
explorer who found Goa as the base of Christianity; started converting the paravas
Vasco de Gama
a Jesuit who goes to India and spends a lot of time with the Paravas and learns the language; he administers the sacraments and teaches them and translates mainstream Christian texts into their language
Francis Xavier
Jesuit who wants to reach the upper level of the caste system; he says the caste system is ok; lives, eats, and dresses the same way and adapts himself to that lifestyle; he allows Christian worship to take place within each caste system separately, but some Christians don’t like the inequality; makes good inroads with the Brahmin
Robert de’Nobili
Christianity initially explodes in Japan, but political issues turn the tide against Christianity - futile lords are revolting against the old imperial order, so he decides to to try to convert the futile lords and is successful
Francis Xavier
an early important convert but when he dies, his successor Hideyoshi flips back to old traditions (Shinto) and he put pressure on people below him to persecute Christians
Nobunaga
a Jesuit whose method for missions is to learn the language by reading Chinese classics, so learns culture and traditions and uses the Chinese language to explain God, changing the name/language used traditionally to discuss God; he also saw Confucianism as a social custom, not a religion, so thought people could practice Christianity and Confucianism, which people critiqued him for
Matteo Ricci
Spanish conquistador; inspired by “God, gold, and glory”; conquers the Aztecs
Hernando Cortez
chose to go to the New World to do missions instead of being a high church official in Europe
Peter of Ghent
sees the American natives as being mistreated and advocates for them; establishes doctrinas, which were regions where natives are moved and ministered to, separate from the Europeans
Bartoleme de las Casas
an event where the Virgin Mary appears as a native American to Juan Diego, showing there is a connection with Christianity in the New World; we still see this depiction today
Apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe
leader of the Puritans; creates the Holy Commonwealth; believed that obedience leads to blessing
John Winthrop
creates Pennsylvania with the idea of tolerance and love for all people despite differences; founds Philadelphia; believed we all have an inner light, giving value to all people; endorses pacifism and religious toleration
John Winthrop and the Quakers
1) the extent of European involvement (does better with more involvement) 2) geographic size of the society (smaller does better) 3) nature of the existing religion (deep-rooted religions make conversion difficult)
3 Factors for the Success of Christian Missions
