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Religion > Christian Heritage Test 3 > Flashcards

Christian Heritage Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

1438; in France, the French king looks at the French church and tells them they can govern their temporalities and you don’t have to ask Rome

A

Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges

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2
Q

church issues not dealing with spiritual things

A

temporalities

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3
Q

a new style of learning in opposition to scholasticism; a renewal of interest in classical Greek and Latin literature, art, etc; Christians apply this style of learning to scripture and early Christian writers (the New Testament and Augustine, for example)

A

Humanism

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4
Q

first person to publish a critical edition of the Greek NT in 1516; he looks at multiple manuscripts and finds the original reading in the differences to the best of his ability

A

Erasmus

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5
Q

writes the Complutensian Polyglot and it is the first printed critical Greek translation and it has many languages in 1514; made people say Erasmus’s version used too new manuscripts

A

Ximenes

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6
Q

created the printing press; led to books being cheaper and more people had access to it, which was a big part of the Humanist movement

A

Gutenberg

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7
Q

old theologian who believed the human condition was fallen and thus people can’t choose good, God is completely sovereign and completely controls everything and human’s can’t earn God’s favor

A

Augustine

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8
Q

known as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation; a humanist; an Augustinian monk; wrote the 95 Theses

A

Martin Luther

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9
Q

the assurance of salvation - he writes confessions like Augustine, but is ridden with guilt and wonders how humans can be sure they’ve done enough to merit salvation

A

Luther’s “problem”

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10
Q

thinks people can freely choose to do good and push them closer to God’s favor

A

Neo-Pelagians

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11
Q

justification by faith; humans can’t eat God’s favor and salvation is completely sovereign act and it is a gift to be received we just have to receive it in faith; faith isn’t a work

A

Luther’s “solution”

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12
Q

there is still a penalty for forgiven sins

A

penance

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13
Q

a remission of the penalty of a forgiven sin cairned by various prescribed conditions or actions; started with Irish monasticism but was abused by the church

A

indulgence

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14
Q

allows the selling of indulgences to get out of penances to pay for the repairs

A

Pope Leo X

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15
Q

says “when a coin in the coffers rings, a soul in purgatory springs”

A

Johann Tetzel

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16
Q

full of disagreements and issues to discuss with the Catholic church and begins the Protestant Reformation

A

95 Theses

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17
Q

scripture and scripture alone should be the ultimate authority for Christian thought and practice

A

Sola Scriptura

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18
Q

7 Catholic Sacraments

A

baptism, eucharist, confirmation, reconciliation, anointing of the sick, marriage, holy orders

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19
Q

Luther’s 3 Sacraments

A

baptism, eucharist, penance

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20
Q

a long held Catholic tradition that Zwingli said wasn’t found in the Bible

A

purgatory

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21
Q

Swiss, thinks a lot of the same things as Luther, just differently; struggled with whether material bread and wine can give something divine; known for strict scripturalism, suspicion of idolatry, preference for spirit over matter, discomfort with talk of the real presence of Christ in Eucharist

A

Huldrych Zwingli

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22
Q

take Zwingli to the nth degree; said infant baptism isn’t really in the Bible; in 1525 they rebaptize themselves a believer’s baptism

A

Anabaptists

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23
Q

said baptism should only happen after a person decides to follow God as a profession of faith, church is a voluntary organization and you can’t compel people to be a Christian - the church can’t force people, and they practice church discipline and excommunicate people that disagree; said the church should be totally separate from the world, they are pacifists

A

Schleitheim Confession of Faith (1527)

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24
Q

established as a theocratic OT community in Munster in 1530 buy the anabaptists; reinstated OT principles of polygamy and kicking people out for minor disagreements

A

New Jerusalem

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25
Q

leader of New Jerusalem

A

Jan Matthys

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26
Q

reorganizes the anabaptists more moderately

A

Menno Simons

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27
Q

attempted, but failed, reconciliation between Luther and Zwingli, but resulted in 2 Protestant trajectories; happened because Germany an Switzerland needed to unify politically of military reasons

A

Colloquy at Marburg (1529)

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28
Q

fled France because of political pressure on religious dissenters to Geneva, Switzerland; believed in predestination and believes scripture is the sole source of the knowledge of God

A

John Calvin

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29
Q

God must initiate salvation through an act of grace and he chooses to save who he wants to save

A

divine sovereignty

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30
Q

God chooses who he wants to save and he chooses who he doesn’t save

A

double predestination

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31
Q

a mirror of human sinfulness, restraint for evil, edification

A

3 uses of the law

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32
Q

total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, perseverance of the saints

A

TULIP

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33
Q

married to Catherine, who was married to his brother Arthur, but she couldn’t have a son, so he tried to divorce her; under him, things looked Catholic, but he has both Catholic and Protestants in offices

A

King Henry VIII

34
Q

classifies England as an empire and gives Henry power over the church, breaking with Rome

A

Act of Restraint of Appeals (1533)

35
Q

calls a meeting in 1536 to look into reform within the Catholic church

A

Pope Paul III

36
Q

two key Catholic figures who said there needed to be reform to get rid of simony and the episcopacy needed to be restructured

A

Joseph Sadolelo and Gasparo Contarini

37
Q

1541; called by Emperor Charles V to investigate possibilities for Protestant and Catholic reunification; had 3 Catholics and 3 Protestants; they compromised about letting priests marry, all people participating in Eucharist, leaned justification toward by faith alone, but they couldn’t compromise on transubstantiation and mandatory confession, so no reunification

A

Colloquy at Ratisbon

38
Q

founded by Ignatius Loyola; wanted to root out Protestantism, advocated for poverty and action, wanted Christianity to be about your personal actions, not church structure

A

Jesuits

39
Q

a Spanish soldier who decided to dedicate his military activity toward the church

A

Ignatius Loyola

40
Q

1545; a thoroughly Catholic council to clarify and define Catholic Christianity, such as ecclesiastical authority and scripture (66 books + apocrypha confirmed, rejects sola scriptura), rejects justification by faith and accepts faith formed by love, and defined clerical dress, service standards, and the Tridentine Mass; gave Catholicism new life

A

Council of Trent

41
Q

an intent to root out Protestantism; involves questioning and torture to find Protestants - a forceful approach

A

Inquisition

42
Q

said for the Catholics to overcome the Protestants, it takes personal piety and prayer

A

Teresa of Avila

43
Q

said the best way to combat the Protestants was to not be deserving of their criticisms

A

Peter Canisius

44
Q

used political power to root out Protestantism, won’t give church/political offices to to Protestants, and wants people to evict Protestants

A

King Sigmund III of Poland

45
Q

in the south, was controlled by Catholic Spain; in the north, was uncomfortable with the Spanish meddling in their affairs and couldn’t decide if it was Spain or the church meddling

A

the Netherlands

46
Q

becomes a Calvinist, so the Netherlands become Protestants vs Catholics instead of Spain vs Netherlands - a religious battle, not a political battle

A

William of Orange

47
Q

start to come out of the woodwork when Catholic Henry II dies, creating conflict

A

Protestant Huguenots

48
Q

Catholic family/supporters in France

A

Guise

49
Q

Protestant family/supporters in France

A

Bourbons

50
Q

a Protestant who becomes king of France after a lot of political/religious unrest; realizes that he needs church support though, so he converts to Catholicism, but is for religious tolerance

A

Henry of Navarre

51
Q

gives religious freedom in France

A

Edict of Navarre

52
Q

1618-1648; Spanish Catholics vs Swedish/French Protestants

A

30 Years War

53
Q

Protestants throw 2 Catholics out of a window, starting the 30 Years War

A

Defenestration of Prague

54
Q

1648; ends the 30 Years War, with both sides agreeing to disagree

A

Peace of Westphalia

55
Q

was Protestant and/or had Protestant protectors, so he reforms the Church of England to be more Protestant

A

Edward VI

56
Q

liturgy that looked Catholic but was Protestant theology; 1549 version got critiqued of how Catholic it seemed; the 1552 version was less formal, and removed images from the church and rejects priest celibacy

A

English Book of Common Prayer

57
Q

wants to restore Catholicism; reinstates monasteries and papal authority; biggest hurdles: foreign marriage and persecutes Protestants, which leads to Protestants seeing Catholicism as foreign, but she made the Church of England more Catholic

A

Mary

58
Q

brings England back to Protestantism, mostly

A

Elizabeth I

59
Q

Protestant theology, Catholic looking liturgy, more flexible and openness on issues

A

Elizabethan Compromise

60
Q

pretty Calvinistic Protestants, said Elizabethan Church looked too Catholic and wants the church to be purified; their resistance created issues between the various Protestant groups

A

Puritans

61
Q

James I’s son; favors the Elizabethan Compromise; defeated by parliament and Puritan allies controlled by Oliver Cromwell; he is executed

A

Charles I

62
Q

becomes the leader of England, so there are largely Puritan ideals; he realizes there is too much support for Elizabethan Compromise and steps down

A

Oliver Cromwell

63
Q

king after Cromwell steps down; restores bishops and prayer books, the Elizabethan Compromise, and essentially Anglicanism

A

Charles II

64
Q

1494; Pope allots Spain the New World and Portugal Brazil, Africa, and Asia and charges them to spread Christianity

A

Treaty of Tordesilles

65
Q

given almost the exclusive right to govern their (Spain and Portugal’s kings) churches in their regions

A

padroado/patronato

66
Q

Portuguese held; king is quickly converted, but because of how much the Christians change their society, there is resistance so he backs down; his son, Alfonso I, is a Christian and quells non-Christian competitors to become king and rules with Christian ideals and brings education and technology but Catholicism eventually fades away

A

Kongo

67
Q

they are Coptic/monophysitic Christians who continue Jewish practices and are dealing with a lot of Islamic pressure, so the Portuguese send help so there is 60 years of relief; they also try to make them more Catholic and get rid of monophysitism; Susenyes the ruler is willing to give in to Catholicism but his people aren’t on board

A

Ethiopia

68
Q

explorer who found Goa as the base of Christianity; started converting the paravas

A

Vasco de Gama

69
Q

a Jesuit who goes to India and spends a lot of time with the Paravas and learns the language; he administers the sacraments and teaches them and translates mainstream Christian texts into their language

A

Francis Xavier

70
Q

Jesuit who wants to reach the upper level of the caste system; he says the caste system is ok; lives, eats, and dresses the same way and adapts himself to that lifestyle; he allows Christian worship to take place within each caste system separately, but some Christians don’t like the inequality; makes good inroads with the Brahmin

A

Robert de’Nobili

71
Q

Christianity initially explodes in Japan, but political issues turn the tide against Christianity - futile lords are revolting against the old imperial order, so he decides to to try to convert the futile lords and is successful

A

Francis Xavier

72
Q

an early important convert but when he dies, his successor Hideyoshi flips back to old traditions (Shinto) and he put pressure on people below him to persecute Christians

A

Nobunaga

73
Q

a Jesuit whose method for missions is to learn the language by reading Chinese classics, so learns culture and traditions and uses the Chinese language to explain God, changing the name/language used traditionally to discuss God; he also saw Confucianism as a social custom, not a religion, so thought people could practice Christianity and Confucianism, which people critiqued him for

A

Matteo Ricci

74
Q

Spanish conquistador; inspired by “God, gold, and glory”; conquers the Aztecs

A

Hernando Cortez

75
Q

chose to go to the New World to do missions instead of being a high church official in Europe

A

Peter of Ghent

76
Q

sees the American natives as being mistreated and advocates for them; establishes doctrinas, which were regions where natives are moved and ministered to, separate from the Europeans

A

Bartoleme de las Casas

77
Q

an event where the Virgin Mary appears as a native American to Juan Diego, showing there is a connection with Christianity in the New World; we still see this depiction today

A

Apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe

78
Q

leader of the Puritans; creates the Holy Commonwealth; believed that obedience leads to blessing

A

John Winthrop

79
Q

creates Pennsylvania with the idea of tolerance and love for all people despite differences; founds Philadelphia; believed we all have an inner light, giving value to all people; endorses pacifism and religious toleration

A

John Winthrop and the Quakers

80
Q

1) the extent of European involvement (does better with more involvement) 2) geographic size of the society (smaller does better) 3) nature of the existing religion (deep-rooted religions make conversion difficult)

A

3 Factors for the Success of Christian Missions

Religion (7 decks)

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