Christian Heritage Test 2 Flashcards
responsible for the Great Persecution; he split the Roman Empire into the East and the West with 4 people governing
Diocletian
put in power when his dad died in 306, wins the battle at the Milvian Bridge against Maxentius for control of the west. Before this, he converted to Christianity after seeing a cross of light and “in this conquer” and then a labarum
Constantine
agreement between Licinius and Constantine to end the persecution of Christians in 313; results: Christians financial benefits, the laws changed, public churches were constructed, Jerusalem was restored as a Christian city, and Constantinople was founded
Edict of Milan
went to Jerusalem and founded a church in Bethlehem and at the Mt. of Olives and says she found Jesus’s cross
Helena (Constantine’s mother)
officially makes Christianity the state-sponsored religion and condemns other religions in 380 AD
Theodosius
used a tree, the sun, and water to explain the trinity
Tertullian
says God “adopted” Jesus as his son at some point in Jesus’s earthly life (at baptism or resurrection)
adoptionism
identifies the father and son and the spirit so closely that the distinct identities fade away; the father, son, and spirit are not distinct persons, but are the 3 modes of divine existence
Sabellianism (Modalism)
comes from Arius; says Christ belongs to part of the created order - the Logos/son was derived, made from the father and there was a time when Christ didn’t exist; the church at Alexandrian thinks this is heresy
Arianism
Constantine’s theological advisor who investigates the different theories for how the father, son, and holy spirit relate to each other
Hoses of Cordova
friend of Constantinople who agrees with Arianism
Eusebius of Caesarea
325; called and chaired by Constantine to answer the question of how the members of the Trinity relate; this is the first ecumenical council; produced the Nicene Creed, which is against Arianism, and says that Jesus is begotten, not made and comes out of the Father; uses the term homoousion which means “same substance”
Council of Nicaea
says that homoousion is Sabellianism and instead wants to use homoiousian which means “similar substance”
Eusebius of Nicomedia
said the discussion of Jesus’s relation to the Father is soteriological; if Christ were not truly God, then his sacrifice couldn’t erase human corruption; in the person of Christ, the immortal God entered the world to suffer death and save humanity
Athanasius
Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus; said one homoousion, 3 distinct individuals (hypostasis)
Cappadocian Fathers
381; called by Theodocius; defeats Arianism and ends the Trinity debate; comes up with the Nicene-Constantinoplian Creed and added more detail to the spirit part of the Nicene Creed
Council of Constantinople
affirmed homoousion and said God exists in 3 persons - it’s a mystery and paradox, but true
Nicene-Constantinoplian Creed
based in Alexandria and off of Plato’s works and led by Cyril, the bishop of Alexandria; says the divine Christ took on flesh - Jesus’s divinity is fully present in his bodily form and there is a holistic unity in Jesus’s person; the divine logos took on human nature
Monophysites
based in Antioch off of Aristotle’s works and led by Theodore of Mopsuesta, the bishop of Antioch and Nestorius, the bishop of Constantinople; says the divine Christ became human and Christ had a divine nature and a human nature
Nestorianism
431; Cyril and the Monophysites vs the Nestorians; the monophysites show up first and excommunicate the Nestorians, who, when they show up, then excommunicate the Monophysites. The monophysites win, and the church concludes that Christ has one nature of divinity and humanity. But this causes a fracture in the church, so Cyril decides to sign on to Nestorianism to unite the church.
1st Council of Ephesus
Cyril’s successor, Dioscuros, and intense monophysite, calls another council to reassert monophysitism. The pope in Rome, Leo, writes the Tome of Leo, saying he sides with nestorianism, but it isn’t read, and monophysitism wins
2nd Council of Ephesus
451; final council dealing with the nature of Christ; Tome of Leo is read; the council decides to meld nestorianism and monophysitism together, saying Jesus has 2 natures that are unified
Council of Chalcedon
bishop of Hippo; became a Christian and goes to northern Africa to set up a monastic community, but is forced to be a priest in Hippo and eventually a bishop; wrote Confessions and City of God; says the trinity is three distinct things that depend on each other; fights against the donatists by saying that original sin means the church can’t be pure, so traditores should be let back in; says God uses the sacraments for salvation; says God is completely responsible for salvation because people are evil and can’t choose good
Augustine
believed the church and the bishops who administered the sacraments had to be pure for the sacraments to extend grace/work for salvation, thus they didn’t want to let bishops who fled from persecution in
Donatists
says we can choose to do good, and a choice to do good can only be good if you also can choose evil. He says how you were raised determines how you choose good or evil; believed in free will
Pelagius
the belief that one must discipline the physical in order to empower the spiritual; people do this to display a devotion to Christ
asceticism
individuals that go away into the wilderness to study and pray and life as hermits; ex: Antony of Egypt; a type of asceticism
anchorites
lived in community in the wilderness praying and working; type of community Augustine was planning on creating; ex: Pachomius; a type of asceticism
cenobites
invades and conquers Rome in 410
Alaric the Visigoth
traces Christianity’s history up through Constantine; he says you can see that God and Rome are working together and are hand in hand in Constantine; he thinks God is on Rome’s side and Christianity succeeds if Rome succeeds
Eusebius’s Ecclesiastical History (320-330 BC)
tries to explain the sack of Rome; there is the city of God, where people live according to God’s will and there is a city of man, where people do bad things and the two cities intermingle here on earth; says God’s success isn’t tied to one kingdom (look at history) and that God uses different kingdoms to accomplish his purpose - don’t despair because of Rome’s fall, because God is still at work
Augustine’s City of God
king of France who converts to Christianity in 496 and aligns with the church in Rome
Clovis
stops the advance of Islam in Europe in 732; because o f his success, his descendants become kings of France
Charles Martel and the Carolingians
Charles Martel’s son who becomes king of France and asks the pope to anoint him as king - asks the church for authority to rule; he gets the pope to do this and then sends his military to rescue Italy from the Lombards and gives all the land to the church, starting the Franco-Papal Alliance
Pepin
king of France, then Italy, then the Holy Roman Empire; he sets up a fixed calendar, a stable form of writing, and a standard church service; makes the clergy pious
Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s son who isn’t able to keep the kingdom together
Louis the Pious
he is king of Germany and then becomes Holy Roman Emperor and wants to exercise supreme authority over the church, such as appointing the next pope/be able to get rid of popes; rule theocratically - doesn’t need church approval, so growing animosity between church and state
Otto the Great
1054; issues involved filioque and papal authority vs ecumenical (church council) authority; splits the church into the Catholic church in the west and the Eastern Orthodox church
the Great Schism
from whom does the spirit proceed? early christian creeds (created at councils) said the spirit comes from the father; in the Spanish Council of Toledo in 589, however, the west decided that the spirit descends from both the father and the son.
filioque
says the spirit descends from the father and son; the fact that this council in the west overrides earlier councils in the east highlights that the west felt that authority came more from the church/pope than councils, unlike in the east, so the east got mad that their council got overridden, dividing the east and west even more
the Spanish Council of Toledo
institutes Hildebrandian reforms; says that the pope should be chosen by cardinals, not the masses, gets rid of simony (you can’t sell a church office and no one outside the church can interfere in church decisions), deals with the investiture controversy (the clergy used to have a ceremony called investiture where the emperor would give them authority, but this pope wants Henry IV to give that power and when he won’t, he gets excommunicated), and insists that the clergy be celibate
Pope Gregory VII
uses interdict (stops the sacraments/salvation) on Phillip II of France and King John of England when Phillip wants to divorce and remarry and when John wants a different bishop; the church has a ton of authority under this pope
Pope Innocent II
Emperor Michael VII asks Pope Urban II for help in the east against Islamic forces, and Urban sends help in 1096 and the Christians are successful
the First Crusade
Islamic forces had made the eastern emperor step down, so his son Alexius asked for help to put him back in power against the Islamic forces, so the west sends help in exchange for money and submission from the eastern church; the western forces are successful, but the east doesn’t follow their promise so the west sacks Constantinople, furthering the rift between the east and west
the Fourth Crusade
says the eucharist is literally ingesting Jesus’s body and blood
Paschasius Radbertus
says the “body and blood” language in the Bible for Eucharist is symbolic, not literal
Ratramanus
decides on transubstantiation - the bread and wine don’t literally change physically but miraculously the bread and wine become Jesus’s flesh and blood, siding with Paschasius; also says you have to have confession and eucharist once a year
4th Lateran Council
contain Muhammed’s revelations
Quran
“there is only one god, Allah, and Muhammed is his prophet”
Shadah
images of saints or Christ; you can worship it - worshipping what it represents; Jews and Muslims forbid this
icons
the east and west both use icons, but then when the Muslims start succeeding in the east Emperor Leo III calls for icons to be destroyed, since Muslims don’t use them and the Muslims are defeating them, so he thinks they are being punished for using icons; the military supported the outlawing of icons, but the west, the church, and everyone else was against it; iconodules win out in this dispute
Iconoclastic Controversy
want to do away with icons
iconoclasts
want to continue using icons
iconodules
writes rule of Benedict, which sets out how to have order and stability; says the harshness and strictness of other monks is too much, instead, live lives of prayer; father of monasticism
Benedict of Nursia (480 - 550)
confession and penance comes from them; St. Patrick; with penance, we get the idea that you can do something in your life to atone for sin
Irish Monasticism
Francis and Dominic - friars who travel and evangelize come from these two men
Vita apostolica - monks are going to live lives of poverty and celibacy, a life carrying our your faith with evangelism
Mendicants
issues a bull “Clarices Laicos” after Phillip IV raises taxes in France for his war and says anyone who pays the tax will be excommunicated; Phillip doesn’t back down and has a papal representative arrested, so he issues a Unam Sanctum saying that if you disobey the pope, you are disobeying God; Phillip doesn’t back down and we see papal power wane
Pope Boniface VIII
moves the pope’s residence to Avignon in 1309
Clement V
moves the papacy back to Rome in 1372
Pope Gregory XI
lots of popes, one in Rome, one in Avignon (called antipopes)
Western Schism
gets rid of the two popes in Rome theoretically and appoints Alexander V as pope in Pisa, but now there are 3, with Innocent VII in Rome and Benedict XIII in Avignon
Council of Pisa
we have 3 popes (Gregory XII in Rome, Benedict XIII in Avignon, and John XXIII in Pisa); Gregory agrees to step down if the other 2 do. He steps down, but the others won’t so they are deposed and Martin V is made pope; they also deal with the clergy’s wealth and transubstantiation
Council of Constance (1414 - 1418)
criticizes the church’s wealth and transubstantiation
John Wycliffe
picks up after Wycliffe, is involved in the argument about the popes and is invited to Constance; is arrested and burned at the stake
John Huss
emperor in the east who realizes that to survive Islamic expansion, the rift between the east and west has to be healed and so petitions for a council
Michael Peleologus
1274; attempts to mend the rift between the east and west; Paleologus is willing to sign on and agree with the west if they help the east, but no one else in the east really wants this; the rift isn’t healed
2nd Council of Lyons
called after the east again agrees to sign on with the west, technically ending the Great Schism, but the west doesn’t actually help the east
Council of Florence
how God make people right and brings them into a right relationship with himself
atonement
the role of Adam - Adam sinned and in order for sin to be corrected, Jesus had to come and live obediently; Adam sinned at the first tree, Jesus was obedient at the second; Eve was deceived by a fallen angel, Mary obey the angel/God, and gave birth to Jesus
Irenaeus, recapitulation
we sin freely against God and come under satan as our master; satan gets to set the price of what he wants for us - he wants something better, so he wants God; God has to become diluted into human form so the devil can take him, setting up a bait and switch. The devil gets what he thinks is human perfection, but since Jesus is divinity, he brings light into darkness, defeating the devil
Gregory of Nyssa, Ransom Theory
out of God’s own free will, he humbles himself to live the life and fulfill the requirement we can’t meet and pay the debt; humanity has sinned against God and owes him a debt that we can’t pay, so Jesus, owing no debt, dies, paying our debt
Anselm, Satisfaction Theory
you have to have Jesus crucified and raised - that justifies us and demonstrates God’s grace - but the crucifixion is mainly a display of God’s love and because we encounter that love through the cross, humanity’s love for God can be exercised; this love frees us from sin
Abelard’s Moral Influence Theory
presupposes that God is a being than which nothing greater can be conceived; if you can conceive a being greater than what can be conceived, than that being exists in your imagination, but a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that exists only in your imagination, thus a being than which nothing greater can be conceived exists in reality and understanding; therefore, God exists
Anselm’s Ontological Argument
says you can prove God’s existence by observing God’s creation (Rom 1); we can see that something has happened, but there has to be something that caused it - you can reason back to God; you can’t completely know God’s character by observation of creation, but you can know some things
Aquinas’s argument for the existence of God
