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Physical Science > Chptr 28 > Flashcards

Chptr 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the layer that extends an average of 12 km above Earth’s surface?

A

troposphere

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2
Q

What occurs when air temperature increases with altitude and the air becomes stable?

A

temperature inversion

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3
Q

What is a natural process in which certain gases in the atmosphere warm a planet as they absorb and emit infrared radiation?

A

greenhouse effect

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4
Q

How are the atmospheric layers divided?

A

composition & temperature

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5
Q

What gas makes up the majority of the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen - 78%

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6
Q

What gas is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

A

Oxygen - 21%

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7
Q

What is the remaining one percent of the atmosphere made up of?

A

trace gases (mostly Argon)

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8
Q

Within the Troposphere, does temperature increase or decrease with altitude?

A

decreases

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9
Q

How many layers are there in the atmosphere?

A

five

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10
Q

How many layers are there in the atmosphere?

A

five

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11
Q

What are the names of the atmospheric layers? (ground up)

A

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere

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12
Q

What layer is the Ozone layer found in?

A

the Stratosphere

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12
Q

What layer is the Ozone layer found in?

A

the Stratosphere

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13
Q

Within the Stratosphere, does temperature increase or decrease with altitude?

A

increase

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14
Q

Does the temperature in the Mesosphere increase or decrease with altitude?

A

lower (50-80) - decreases

higher (80-100) - increases

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15
Q

Do the Thermosphere and Exosphere effect weather?

A

no

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16
Q

Where does 100% of our radiation come from?

A

the sun

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17
Q

What percent of solar radiation is absorbed by Earth’s surface?

A

50%

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18
Q

What percent of solar radiation is reflected off of Earth’s surface?

A

5%

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19
Q

What percent of solar radiation is absorbed by particles in the atmosphere?

A

20%

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20
Q

What percent of solar radiation is reflected by particles in the atmosphere?

A

25%

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21
Q

What are the three basic cloud types?

A

cirrus, stratus, & cumulus

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22
Q

What are layered, sheet-like clouds called?

A

stratus clouds

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23
Q

What are puffy clouds called?

A

cumulus clouds

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24
Q

What are wispy, high-altitude clouds called?

A

cirrus clouds

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25
Q

What is the process of water circulating Earth?

A

the water cycle

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26
Q

What are all the steps of the water cycle?

A

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, transpiration

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27
Q

What is a narrow band of fast-moving, high altitude air called?

A

jet stream

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28
Q

What is the apparent deflection of an object due to Earth’s rotation called?

A

Coriolis effect

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29
Q

What is a large volume of air with uniform moisture and temperature throughout?

A

air mass

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30
Q

What are the zones that air masses that interact in called?

A

weather front

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31
Q

How many jet streams are there in the world?

A

four

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32
Q

How many pressure systems are there and what are they?

A

Two: Low & High Pressure Systems

33
Q

What are Low- Pressure Systems also known as?

A

a Low (L)

34
Q

Which direction does a Low rotate?

A

counterclockwise

35
Q

What are some results of a Low?

A

rising air, cloud formation, and precipitation

36
Q

What are High- Pressure Systems also known as?

A

a High (H)

37
Q

Which direction does a High rotate?

A

clockwise

38
Q

What are some results of a High?

A

sinking air, clear skies

39
Q

What are the four weather fronts?

A

cold front, warm front, occluded front, stationary front

40
Q

How are cold fronts created?

A

cold air forces warm air upward in a fast & chaotic manner

41
Q

How are cold fronts represented on a weather forecast?

A

blue triangles

42
Q

How are warm fronts created?

A

warm air rises gently above cold air

43
Q

How are warm fronts represented on a weather forecast?

A

red half- circles

44
Q

How are stationary fronts created?

A

cold & warm air masses meet & neither front advances

45
Q

How are stationary fronts represented on a weather forecast?

A

alternating blue triangles & red half- circles (tri. bottom, cir. top)

46
Q

How are occluded fronts created?

A

a fast- moving cold front overtakes a slow- moving warm front

47
Q

How are occluded fronts represented on a weather forecast?

A

alternating purple triangles & circles all on the top

48
Q

What is the name of a climate that is strongly affected by an ocean?

A

maritime climate

49
Q

What is the name of a climate that is not directly affected by an ocean?

A

continental climate

50
Q

What blows from over water toward land in the afternoon, when the land is warmer than the water?

A

sea breeze

51
Q

What is the long-term average of weather conditions?

A

climate

52
Q

What is the day-to-day outdoor conditions?

A

weather

53
Q

What are the five spheres that make up the Earth’s system?

A

atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere

54
Q

What is the air around us a part of?

A

atmosphere

55
Q

What is everything organic a part of?

A

biosphere

56
Q

What is all liquid water a part of?

A

hydrosphere

57
Q

What is all frozen water a part of?

A

cryosphere

58
Q

What is the outermost layer of Earth?

A

lithosphere

59
Q

What is the primary factor that influences climate at any given location?

A

latitude

60
Q

Where is solar radiation most intense on Earth’s surface?

A

the equator

61
Q

At which degree does the Sun’s rays hit the tropical zones?

A

90°

62
Q

At which degree does the Sun’s rays hit the temperate zones?

A

45°

63
Q

At which degree does the Sun’s rays hit the polar zones?

A

30°

64
Q

Which zone is Lamar, CO located in?

A

temperate

65
Q

What other factors affect climate?

A

precipitation, mountains, water

66
Q

What are the windward side conditions like?

A

cool & wet, excessive vegetation

67
Q

What are the leeward side conditions like?

A

warm & dry, little to no vegetation

68
Q

What blows from over land toward water in the night, when the land is colder than the water?

A

land breeze

69
Q

Which climate zone, and which type of vegetation applies to Lamar, CO?

A

warm semi-arid, grassland

70
Q

What is the average increase of temperatures of Earth’s near-surface air and oceans called?

A

global warming

71
Q

What is the warming of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the western South America that occurs every 3-10 years called?

A

El Niño

72
Q

What occurs when trade winds in the Pacific are unusually strong and surface water is colder than normal?

A

La Niña

73
Q

What are two changes that Earth undergoes?

A

seasonal & long-term

74
Q

How do seasonal changes occur?

A

Earth’s revolution around the sun

75
Q

Which hemisphere experiences summer?

A

the hemisphere tilted towards the sun

76
Q

What was the period of time when most of Earth’s surface was covered in ice called?

A

the ice age

77
Q

About how long ago did the world climate reach it’s current pattern?

A

~3,000 years ago

78
Q

What are three factors that can cause climate change?

A

change in the Earth’s tilt
change in the Earth’s orbit
change in the Earth’s seasons due to distance from the sun

79
Q

How can humans impact climate change?

A

energy consumption, deforestation, industrial practices, & agricultural practices

80
Q

What is the clearing of large areas of forest land called?

A

deforestation

81
Q

How does deforestation affect climate change?

A

less trees = more CO2 = more heat

Physical Science (6 decks)

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