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Physical Science > CH 25 > Flashcards

CH 25 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a system of mountain ranges on the seafloor separated by valleys

A

mid-ocean ridge

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2
Q

a long, narrow depression that forms in between peaks along the mid-ocean ridge

A

rift valley

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3
Q

the boundary where two plates collide

A

convergent plate boundary

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4
Q

the process of which when a thick and buoyant continental plate meets a thin and dense oceanic plate, the denser plate dives beneath the continent

A

subduction

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5
Q

the boundary between two plates that are moving apart

A

divergent plate boundary

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6
Q

boundary where plates slide horizontally past each other in opposite directions

A

transform plate boundary

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7
Q

the sudden movement or vibration of the ground that occurs when rocks slip and slide along enormous cracks in Earth’s crust called faults

A

earthquake

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8
Q

a crack in Earth’s crust along which rock has moved

A

fault

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9
Q

a sudden release of strain energy as rock moves along a fault

A

elastic rebound

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10
Q

the point of origin for an earthquake

A

focus

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11
Q

the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus

A

epicenter

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12
Q

Who came up with the continental drift hypothesis?

A

Alfred Wegener

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13
Q

What were some pieces of evidence that supported Wegener’s hypothesis?

A
  1. coastlines linked up nearly perfectly
  2. large land animal fossils
  3. mountain ranges and rocks types link up
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14
Q

What was the name of this super-continent?

A

Pangaea

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15
Q

Who came up with the Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis?

A

Harry Hess

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16
Q

How did Harry Hess map the bottom of the seafloor?

A

sonar

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17
Q

Who discovered the mid-ocean ridge (MOR) system?

A

Harry Hess

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18
Q

Where is the youngest seafloor rock located?

A

near the MOR

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19
Q

What are the types of plate boundaries?

A

divergent, convergent, transform

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20
Q

How do convergent plate boundaries move?

A

they collide

21
Q

Subduction zones only occur during which type of plate boundary?

A

convergent plate boundary

22
Q

What two types of crust are involved in plate movement?

A

oceanic crust & continental crust

23
Q

What are the types of land forms that can be created when oceanic crust and continental crust converge?

A

deep-sea trenches & volcanoes

24
Q

What types of land forms can be created when two oceanic crusts converge?

A

deep-sea trenches & hot spots (creates islands)

25
Q

What type of land forms can be created when two continental crusts converge?

A

mountains

26
Q

How do divergent plate boundaries move?

A

apart

27
Q

What are two specific examples of divergent plate boundaries?

A

MOR (oceanic crust only) & the East African Rift

28
Q

How do transform plate boundaries move?

A

they slide past each other

29
Q

What is a specific example of a transform plate boundary?

A

the San Andreas Fault (two continental crusts)

30
Q

How do convergent plate boundaries move?

A

together

31
Q

How does a convection current work?

A
  1. magma heats, becomes less dense, rises

2. rock cools, becomes more dense, sinks

32
Q

What are other forces that help plate movement?

A

slab pull, ridge push, friction

33
Q

What types of plate boundaries have shallow earthquakes?

A

divergent & transform

34
Q

Which type of plate boundary has deep earthquakes?

A

convergent

35
Q

What are the four types of stress that can be applied to rocks?

A
  1. compression
  2. tension
  3. shear
  4. torsion
36
Q

What are the types of deformation?

A

elastic & plastic

37
Q

What happens to a rock during elastic deformation?

A

Soon as the stress is released, it returns to it’s original shape.

38
Q

What happens to a rock during plastic deformation?

A

After the stress is released, it stays in the new shape.

39
Q

What types of seismic waves are there?

A

primary waves, secondary waves, & surface waves

40
Q

Which type of seismic wave moves the fastest?

A

primary wave (p-wave)

41
Q

How do primary waves move?

A

compression waves

42
Q

How do secondary waves move?

A

transversal waves

43
Q

What types of materials can p-waves move through?

A

solids & liquids

44
Q

What types of materials can s-waves move through?

A

solids

45
Q

Which waves are the most complex/dangerous?

A

surface waves

46
Q

What two scales are used to help measure earthquakes?

A

the Ritcher Scale and the Mercalli Scale

47
Q

What does the Ritcher Scale measure?

A

the amount of energy released?

48
Q

What does the Mercalli Scale measure?

A

the amount of damage caused

Physical Science (6 decks)

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