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Physical Science > Chptr. 26 > Flashcards

Chptr. 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form

A

mineral

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2
Q

the color of a mineral in it’s powered form

A

streak

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3
Q

the ability for a mineral to break along preferred planes of weakness to create sets of smooth parallel sides

A

cleavage

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4
Q

the ability for a mineral to break with irregular surfaces

A

fracture

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5
Q

a mineral’s resistance to scratching

A

hardness

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6
Q

molten rock material inside Earth’s surface

A

magma

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7
Q

A mineral is what three things?

A

naturally occurring, inorganic solid, & crystalline

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8
Q

What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?

A

oxygen & silicon

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

material that is nonliving

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

breakage, hardness, & crystal shape

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11
Q

What are all of the ways to identify minerals?

A
  1. streak
  2. luster
  3. cleavage
  4. fracture
  5. atomic arrangement
  6. crystal shape
  7. hardness
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12
Q

What are the two types of luster?

A

non-metallic & metallic

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13
Q

How does metallic luster reflect light?

A

very easily, metal-like

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14
Q

How does non-metallic luster reflect light?

A

glassy, waxy, pearly, or earth-y

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15
Q

How do you preform a steak test?

A

rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile

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16
Q

What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?

A

cleavage/fracture

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17
Q

What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs Scale of Hardness

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18
Q

What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?

A

1-10

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19
Q

How many different crystal shape systems are there?

A

six

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20
Q

What do minerals grow from?

A

inside-out

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21
Q

What are the three ways minerals can form?

A

molten rock, hot water, & evaporation

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22
Q

What are the two mineral groups?

A

silicates & non silicates

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23
Q

Which mineral group in the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A

silicates

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24
Q

What elements are Silicates made up of?

A

silicon & oxygen

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25
Q

Non-silicates do not contain what element?

A

silicon

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26
Q

What mineral is used to make glass?

A

quartz

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27
Q

What is a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass?

A

rock

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28
Q

How are rocks identified?

A

composition & texture

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29
Q

What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

A

size, shape, & arrangement of the rock’s components

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30
Q

Where do intrusive igneous rocks form?

A

within Earth’s crust

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31
Q

What type of molten rock does intrusive rocks form from?

A

magma

31
Q

What type of molten rock does intrusive rocks form from?

A

igneous rocks

32
Q

What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate mineral?

A

Bowen’s Reaction Series

33
Q

What are the three types of magma?

A

mafic, felsic, & intermediate

34
Q

Which magma type has a low silica content?

A

basaltic

35
Q

Which magma type has a high silica content?

A

rhyolitic

36
Q

Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?

A

continental crust

37
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?

A

intrusive igneous rocks

38
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?

A

extrusive igneous rocks

39
Q

Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

A

quickly

40
Q

What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?

A

porphyritic & vesicular

41
Q

Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?

A

vesicular

42
Q

Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?

A

porphyritic

43
Q

What type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?

A

Pumice

44
Q

What are small fragments of rocks and minerals called?

A

clasts

45
Q

What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?

A

wind, water, & other forces

46
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being transported?

A

mechanically broken down clasts are pushed to new locations due to things such as water and wind currents

47
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

A

the destination which transported clasts finally settle and remain

48
Q

What is the space between loose, surface clasts called?

A

pore space

49
Q

What is the process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlaying material called?

A

compaction

50
Q

What is the process in which minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts called?

A

cementation

51
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

compaction & cementation working together

52
Q

What is another name for clasts?

A

detritus

53
Q

What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?

A

detrital sedimentary rock

54
Q

What is the decreasing size of clasts?

A

gravel, sand, silt, clay

55
Q

Which clast size would be deposited first?

A

gravel

56
Q

What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, & shale

57
Q

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

from water that contains dissolved solids

58
Q

If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?

A

biochemical sedimentary rocks

59
Q

What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

limestone & coal

60
Q

What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock?

A

biochemical, detrital, & chemical

61
Q

Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?

A

heat, pressure, & chemical reaction

62
Q

Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?

A

igneous, sedimentary, & metamorphic rocks

63
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?

A

regional metamorphism

64
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small areas?

A

contact metamorphism

65
Q

When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?

A

slate

66
Q

What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?

A

foliated & non-foliated textures

67
Q

What texture of rocks have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands?

A

foliated texture

68
Q

What texture of rocks have crystals with more random orientations?

A

non-foliated texture

69
Q

Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?

A

texture & composition

70
Q

What is the continual changing of rocks from one type to another called?

A

rock cycle

71
Q

Which three rocks are a part of the rock cycle?

A

sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, & igneous rock

72
Q

What are the three types of rocks?

A

sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, & igneous rock

73
Q

Which type of rock form from molten rock?

A

igneous rock

74
Q

Which type of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once-living matter?

A

sedimentary rock

75
Q

Which type of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?

A

metamorphic rocks

76
Q

What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?

A

minerals

Physical Science (6 decks)

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