Chptr. 26 Flashcards
naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form
mineral
the color of a mineral in it’s powered form
streak
the ability for a mineral to break along preferred planes of weakness to create sets of smooth parallel sides
cleavage
the ability for a mineral to break with irregular surfaces
fracture
a mineral’s resistance to scratching
hardness
molten rock material inside Earth’s surface
magma
A mineral is what three things?
naturally occurring, inorganic solid, & crystalline
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?
oxygen & silicon
What does inorganic mean?
material that is nonliving
What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?
breakage, hardness, & crystal shape
What are all of the ways to identify minerals?
- streak
- luster
- cleavage
- fracture
- atomic arrangement
- crystal shape
- hardness
What are the two types of luster?
non-metallic & metallic
How does metallic luster reflect light?
very easily, metal-like
How does non-metallic luster reflect light?
glassy, waxy, pearly, or earth-y
How do you preform a steak test?
rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile
What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?
cleavage/fracture
What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?
Mohs Scale of Hardness
What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?
1-10
How many different crystal shape systems are there?
six
What do minerals grow from?
inside-out
What are the three ways minerals can form?
molten rock, hot water, & evaporation
What are the two mineral groups?
silicates & non silicates
Which mineral group in the most abundant in Earth’s crust?
silicates
What elements are Silicates made up of?
silicon & oxygen
Non-silicates do not contain what element?
silicon
What mineral is used to make glass?
quartz
What is a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass?
rock
How are rocks identified?
composition & texture
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?
size, shape, & arrangement of the rock’s components
Where do intrusive igneous rocks form?
within Earth’s crust
What type of molten rock does intrusive rocks form from?
magma
What type of molten rock does intrusive rocks form from?
igneous rocks
What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate mineral?
Bowen’s Reaction Series
What are the three types of magma?
mafic, felsic, & intermediate
Which magma type has a low silica content?
basaltic
Which magma type has a high silica content?
rhyolitic
Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?
continental crust
Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?
intrusive igneous rocks
Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?
extrusive igneous rocks
Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?
quickly
What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?
porphyritic & vesicular
Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?
vesicular
Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?
porphyritic
What type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?
Pumice
What are small fragments of rocks and minerals called?
clasts
What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?
wind, water, & other forces
What does it mean if clasts are being transported?
mechanically broken down clasts are pushed to new locations due to things such as water and wind currents
What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?
the destination which transported clasts finally settle and remain
What is the space between loose, surface clasts called?
pore space
What is the process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlaying material called?
compaction
What is the process in which minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts called?
cementation
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
compaction & cementation working together
What is another name for clasts?
detritus
What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?
detrital sedimentary rock
What is the decreasing size of clasts?
gravel, sand, silt, clay
Which clast size would be deposited first?
gravel
What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?
conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, & shale
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?
from water that contains dissolved solids
If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?
biochemical sedimentary rocks
What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?
limestone & coal
What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock?
biochemical, detrital, & chemical
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?
heat, pressure, & chemical reaction
Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?
igneous, sedimentary, & metamorphic rocks
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?
regional metamorphism
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small areas?
contact metamorphism
When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?
slate
What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?
foliated & non-foliated textures
What texture of rocks have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands?
foliated texture
What texture of rocks have crystals with more random orientations?
non-foliated texture
Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?
texture & composition
What is the continual changing of rocks from one type to another called?
rock cycle
Which three rocks are a part of the rock cycle?
sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, & igneous rock
What are the three types of rocks?
sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, & igneous rock
Which type of rock form from molten rock?
igneous rock
Which type of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once-living matter?
sedimentary rock
Which type of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?
metamorphic rocks
What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?
minerals
