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EDUC 323 Introduction to Counselling Theories > Chpters 4&5 > Flashcards

Chpters 4&5 Flashcards

1
Q

self psychology

A

A theory that emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.

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2
Q

libido

A

The instinctual drives of the id and the source of psychic energy; Freudian notion of the life instincts.

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3
Q

life instincts

A

Instincts oriented toward growth, development, and creativity that serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race

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4
Q

death instincts

A

A Freudian concept that refers to a tendency of individuals to harbor an unconscious wish to die or hurt themselves or others; accounts for the aggressive drive.

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5
Q

id

A

The part of personality, present at birth, that is blind, demanding, and insistent. Its function is to discharge tension and return to homeostasis.

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6
Q

ego

A

The part of the personality that is the mediator between external reality and inner demands.

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7
Q

superego

A

That aspect of personality that represents one’s moral training. It strives for perfection, not pleasure.

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8
Q

pleasure principle

A

The idea that the id is driven to satisfy instinctual needs by reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure.

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9
Q

reality principle

A

The idea that the ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of action for satisfying needs.

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10
Q

unconscious

A

That aspect of psychological functioning or of personality that houses experiences, wishes, impulses, and memories in an out-of-awareness state as a protection against anxiety.

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11
Q

Anxiety

A

A feeling of impending doom that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences emerging to the surface of awareness. From a psychoanalytic perspective, there are three kinds of anxiety: reality, neurotic, and moral anxiety.

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12
Q

Reality anxiety

A

The fear of danger from the external world; the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.

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13
Q

Neurotic anxiety

A

The fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished.

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14
Q

Moral anxiety

A

The fear of one’s own conscience; people with a well-developed conscience tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code.

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15
Q

Ego-defense mechanisms

A

Intrapsychic processes that operate unconsciously to protect the person from threatening and, therefore, anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, and impulses.

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16
Q

Repression

A

The ego-defense mechanism whereby threatening or painful thoughts or feelings are excluded from awareness.

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17
Q

Denial

A

In denial there is an effort to suppress unpleasant reality. It consists of coping with anxiety by “closing our eyes” to the existence of anxiety-producing reality.

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18
Q

Reaction formation

A

A defense against a threatening impulse, involving actively expressing the opposite impulse.

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19
Q

Projection

A

An ego-defense mechanism that involves attributing our own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and motives to others.

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20
Q

Displacement

A

An ego-defense mechanism that entails redirection of some emotion from a real source to a substitute person or object.

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21
Q

Rationalization

A

An ego-defense mechanism whereby we attempt to justify our behavior by imputing logical motives to it.

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22
Q

Sublimation

A

An ego defense that involves diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels that are socially acceptable.

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23
Q

Regression

A

An ego-defense mechanism whereby an individual reverts to a less mature form of behavior as a way of coping with extreme stress.

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24
Q

Introjection

A

A process of taking in the values and standards of others.

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25
Q

Compensation

A

An ego-defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations.

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26
Q

Identification

A

As an ego defense, this may involve individuals identifying themselves with successful causes in the hope that they will be seen as worthwhile.

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27
Q

psychosexual stages

A

The Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy. Each is characterized by a primary way of gaining sensual and sexual gratification.

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28
Q

oral stage

A

The initial phase of psychosexual development, during which the mouth is the primary source of gratification; a time when the infant is learning to trust or mistrust the world.

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29
Q

Anal stage

A

The second stage of psychosexual development, when pleasure is derived from retaining and expelling feces.

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30
Q

phallic stage

A

The third phase of psychosexual development, during which the child gains maximum gratification through direct experience with the genitals.

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31
Q

Psychosocial stages

A

Erikson’s turning points, from infancy through old age. Each presents psychological and social tasks that must be mastered if maturation is to proceed in a healthy fashion.

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32
Q

crisis

A

According to Erikson, a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or to regress. At these turning points, we can either resolve our conflicts or fail to master the developmental task.

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33
Q

Classical psychoanalysis

A

The traditional (Freudian) approach to psychoanalysis based on a long-term exploration of past conflicts, many of which are unconscious, and an extensive process of working through early wounds.

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34
Q

id psychology

A

A theory stating that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).

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35
Q

Contemporary psychoanalysis

A

Newer formulations of psychoanalytic theory that share some core characteristics of classical analytic theory, but with different applications of techniques; extensions and adaptations of orthodox psychoanalysis.

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36
Q

ego psychology

A

The psychosocial approach of Erik Erikson, which emphasizes the development of the ego or self at various stages of life.

37
Q

Latency stage

A

A period of psychosexual development, following the phallic stage, that is relatively calm before the storm of adolescence.

38
Q

Genital stage

A

The final stage of psychosexual development, usually attained at adolescence, in which heterosexual interests and activities are generally predominant.

39
Q

transference relationship

A

The transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person’s present environment.

40
Q

free association

A

A primary technique, consisting of spontaneous and uncensored verbalization by the client, which gives clues to the nature of the client’s unconscious conflicts.

41
Q

working through

A

A process of resolving basic conflicts that are manifested in the client’s relationship with the therapist; achieved by the repetition of interpretations and by exploring forms of resistance.

42
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy involves a shortening and simplifying of the lengthy process of psychoanalysis

43
Q

Transference

A

The client’s unconscious shifting to the therapist of feelings and fantasies, both positive and negative, that are displacements from reactions to significant others from the client’s past.

44
Q

relational analysis

A

An analytic model based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist. The interpersonal analyst assumes that countertransference is a source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

45
Q

Maintaining the analytic framework

A

Refers to a range of procedures, such as an analyst’s anonymity, regularity, and consistency of meetings, as a structure for therapy.

comparable to the feeding of an infant. consistent. reliable.

46
Q

Interpretation

A

A technique used to explore the meanings of free association, dreams, resistances, and transference feelings.

47
Q

Dream analysis

A

A technique for uncovering unconscious material and giving clients insight into some of their unresolved problems. Therapists participate with clients in exploring dreams and in interpreting possible meanings.

48
Q

Latent content

A

Our hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears.

49
Q

Manifest content

A

The dream as it appears to the dreamer.

50
Q

dream work

A

The process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content.

51
Q

Resistance

A

The client’s reluctance to bring to awareness threatening unconscious material that has been repressed.

52
Q

analytical psychology

A

Jung- An elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.

53
Q

individuation

A

The harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality.

54
Q

shadow

A

A Jungian archetype representing thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward.

55
Q

collective unconscious

A

From a Jungian perspective, the deepest level of the psyche that contains an accumulation of inherited experiences.

56
Q

archetypes

A

The images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious.

57
Q

persona

A

The mask we wear, or public face we present, as a way to protect ourselves.

58
Q

animus (anima)

A

The biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes.

59
Q

Object-relations theory

A

A newer version of psychoanalytic thinking, which focuses on predictable developmental sequences in which early experiences of self shift in relation to an expanding awareness of others. It holds that individuals go through phases of autism, normal symbiosis, and separation and individuation, culminating in a state of integration.

60
Q

Object relations

A

Interpersonal relationships as they are represented intrapsychically

61
Q

relational model

A

A model that characterizes therapy as an interactive process between client and therapist in which countertransference provides an important source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

62
Q

narcissistic personality

A

Characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.

63
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

A disorder characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsivity, and extreme mood shifts. Such people lack a sense of their own identity and do not have a deep understanding of others.

64
Q

Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)

A

An adaptation of the principles of psychoanalytic theory and therapy aimed at treating selective disorders within a preestablished time limit.

65
Q

time-limited dynamic psychotherapy

A

Through this form of psychoanalytically oriented therapy, clients gain a sense of what it is like to interact more fully and flexibly within the therapy situation. They are helped to apply to the outside world what they are learning in the office.

66
Q

inferiority feelings

A

The early determining force in behavior; the source of human striving and the wellspring of creativity. Humans attempt to compensate for both imagined and real inferiorities, which helps them overcome handicaps.

67
Q

Individual Psychology

A

Adler’s original name for his approach that stressed understanding the whole person, how all dimensions of a person are interconnected, and how all these dimensions are unified by the person’s movement toward a life goal.

68
Q

holistic concept

A

We cannot be understood in parts; all aspects of ourselves must be understood in relation to each other.

69
Q

fictional finalism

A

An imagined central goal that gives direction to behavior and unity to the personality; an image of what people would be like if they were perfect and perfectly secure.

70
Q

guiding self-ideal

A

Another term for fictional finalism, which represents an individual’s image of a goal of perfection.

71
Q

Lifestyle

A

The core beliefs and assumptions through which the person organizes his or her reality and finds meaning in life events. Our perceptions of self, others, and the world. Our characteristic way of thinking, acting, feeling, living, and striving toward long-term goals.

72
Q

Social interest

A

A sense of identification with humanity; a feeling of belonging; an interest in the common good.

73
Q

Community feeling

A

An individual’s awareness of being part of the human community. Community feeling embodies the sense of being connected to all humanity and to being committed to making the world a better place.

74
Q

Life Tasks

A

Universal problems in human life, including the tasks of friendship (community), work (a division of labor), and intimacy (love and marriage).

75
Q

Birth order

A

Adler identified five psychological positions from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Actual birth order itself is less important than a person’s interpretation of his or her place in the family.

76
Q

basic mistakes

A

Faulty, self-defeating perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that may have been appropriate at one time but are no longer useful. These are myths that are influential in shaping personality.

77
Q

family constellation

A

The social and psychological structure of the family system; includes birth order, the individual’s perception of self, sibling characteristics and ratings, and parental relationships. Each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life through the family constellation.

78
Q

early recollections

A

Childhood memories (before the age of 9) of one-time events. People retain these memories as capsule summaries of their present philosophy of life. From a series of early recollections, it is possible to understand mistaken notions, present attitudes, social interests, and possible future behavior.

79
Q

lifestyle assessment

A

The process of gathering early memories, which involves learning to understand the goals and motivations of the client.

80
Q

private logic

A

Basic convictions and assumptions of the individual that underlie the lifestyle pattern and explain how behaviors fit together to provide consistency.

81
Q

Adlerian brief therapy

A

An intervention that is concise, deliberate, direct, efficient, focused, short-term, and purposeful.

82
Q

family atmosphere
The climate of relationships among family members.

A
82
Q

subjective interview

A

The process whereby the counselor helps clients tell their life story as completely as possible.

82
Q

objective interview

A

Adlerians seek basic information about the client’s life as a part of the lifestyle assessment process.

83
Q

insight

A

A special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the therapeutic relationship and acts as a foundation for change.

84
Q

Interpretation

A

Understanding clients’ underlying motives for behaving the way they do in the here and now.

85
Q

goal alignment

A

A congruence between the client’s and the counselor’s goals and the collaborative effort of two persons working equally toward specific, agreed-on goals.

86
Q

Key figures in psychoanalytic theory

A

Freud, Erickson, Jung, Mahler

EDUC 323 Introduction to Counselling Theories (10 decks)

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