Chapter 9- Behaviour

Question 1

reinforcement

Answer 1

A specified event that strengthens the tendency for a response to be repeated. It involves some kind of reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response.

Question 2

modeling

Answer 2

Learning through observation and imitation.

Question 3

Behavior therapy

Answer 3

this approach refers to the application of diverse techniques and procedures, which are supported by empirical evidence.

Question 4

mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Answer 4

This program applies mindfulness techniques to coping with stress and promoting physical and psychological health.

Question 5

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Answer 5

A blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques aimed at treating borderline personality disorders; primarily developed by Marsha Linehan.

Question 6

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Answer 6

A comprehensive integration of the principles and skills of mindfulness applied to the treatment of depression.

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

Also known as Pavlovian conditioning and respondent conditioning. A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a particular response. The result is that eventually the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response.

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them.

Question 9

social learning approach (or the social-cognitive approach)

Answer 9

A perspective holding that behavior is best understood by taking into consideration the social conditions under which learning occurs; developed primarily by Albert Bandura.

Question 10

cognitive processes

Answer 10

Internal events such as thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and self-statements.

Question 11

self-directed behavior

Answer 11

A basic assumption is that people are capable of self-directed behavior change and the person is the agent of change.

Question 12

self-efficacy

Answer 12

An individual’s belief or expectation that he or she can master a situation and bring about desired change.

Question 13

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Answer 13

An approach that blends both cognitive and behavioral methods to bring about change. (The term CBT has largely replaced the term “behavior therapy,” due to the increasing emphasis on the interaction among affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions).

Question 14

functional assessment

Answer 14

The process of systematically generating information on the events preceding and following the behavior in an attempt to determine which antecedents and consequences are associated with the occurrence of the behavior.

Question 15

applied behavior analysis

Answer 15

Another term for behavior modification; this approach seeks to understand the causes of behavior and address these causes by changing antecedents and consequences.

Question 16

Positive reinforcement

Answer 16

A form of conditioning whereby the individual receives something desirable as a consequence of his or her behavior; a reward that increases the probability of its recurrence.

Question 17

Negative reinforcement

Answer 17

The termination or withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing some desired behavior.

Question 18

extinction

Answer 18

When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the result is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior in the future.

Question 19

punishment

Answer 19

The process in which a behavior is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the future probability of a behavior.

Question 20

positive punishment

Answer 20

An aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

Question 21

negative punishment

Answer 21

A reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior.

Question 22

Progressive muscle relaxation

Answer 22

A method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned.

Question 23

Systematic desensitization

Answer 23

A procedure based on the principles of classical conditioning in which the client is taught to relax while imagining a graded series of progressively anxiety-arousing situations. Eventually, the client reaches a point at which the anxiety-producing stimulus no longer brings about the anxious response.

Question 24

Exposure therapies

Answer 24

Treatment for fears and other negative emotional responses by carefully exposing clients to situations or events contributing to such problems.

Question 25

in vivo exposure

Answer 25

Involves client exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than merely imagining these situations.

Question 26

flooding

Answer 26

Prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli without the opportunity to avoid or escape from them.

Question 27

In vivo flooding

Answer 27

Intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.

Question 28

Social skills training

Answer 28

This training involves a broad category that deals with an individual’s ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations. A treatment package used to teach clients skills that include modeling, behavior rehearsal, and reinforcement.

Question 29

behavior rehearsal

Answer 29

A technique consisting of trying out in therapy new behaviors (performing target behaviors) that are to be used in everyday situations.

Question 30

anger management training

Answer 30

A social skills program designed for individuals who have trouble with aggressive behavior.

Question 31

Self-management

Answer 31

Strategies include teaching clients how to select realistic goals, how to translate these goals into target behaviors, how to create an action plan for change, and ways to self-monitor and evaluate their actions.

Question 32

Self-monitoring

Answer 32

The process of observing one’s own behavior patterns as well as one’s interactions in various social situations.

Question 33

Mindfulness

Answer 33

A process that involves becoming increasingly observant and aware of external and internal stimuli in the present moment and adopting an open attitude toward accepting what is, rather than judging the current situation.

Question 34

Acceptance

Answer 34

A process involving receiving our present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and gentleness, and striving for full awareness of the present moment.

Question 35

Interpersonal effectiveness

Answer 35

A process that involves learning to ask for what one needs and how to say “no” while maintaining self-respect and relationships with others.

Question 36

self-compassion

Answer 36

being understanding toward ourselves when we suffer or fail, rather than being self-critical.

Question 37

Multimodal Therapy: Basic ID

Answer 37

Acronym.
* The complex personality of human beings can be divided into seven major areas of functioning:
B = behavior
A = affective responses
S = sensations
I = images
C = cognitions
I = interpersonal relationships
D = drugs, biological functions, nutrition, and exercise

Question 38

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Answer 38

• ACT involves fully accepting present experience and mindfully letting go of obstacles
• There is little emphasis on changing the content of a client’s thoughts. Instead, the emphasis is on acceptance (nonjudgmental awareness) of cognitions
• The goal of ACT is to allow for increased psychological flexibility