Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards
Transference
The client responds to the therapist as if they are a significant figure in the client’s past or present life. The client is comfortable getting mad at them or being open. It involves redirecting their feelings about one person onto the therapist. This is a positive thing.
Countertransference
The therapist responds to the client as if they were a significant figure in the counsellor’s past or present life. For example, a counsellor (male) is going through a nasty divorce and ends up working with a client who is going through a divorce (female). He was triggered as the client said they were gonna take everything from their husband. Meanwhile, the counsellor is on the other side; he feels he is being taken for everything. He realized he could not do this and was not a good fit.
book: The process of therapists seeing in their clients patterns of their own behavior, overidentifying with clients, or meeting their own needs through their clients.
Key Competencies of Counsellors.
- Beliefs and attitudes- who am I, and what can I contribute to this?
- Knowledge- understand different cultural worldviews and understand human behaviour.
- Reflect on the work with clients- ask them how they feel at the session’s end.
- Confer with other colleagues- discuss a case while maintaining confidence.
- Practice self-care. Vicarious trauma is real. Similar to burnout. It happens when working with disadvantaged clients- take on what the client is dealing with, which can affect us. It can be frustrating not to see the change you want to see.
Factors for Effective Counselling.
o Client factors (40%)
o Alliance factors (30%)
o Expectancy factors or realism (15%)
o Theoretical and Technical factors (15%)
Alliance factors
Relationship between counsellor and client
Expectancy and realism
We need to set realistic goals, but sometimes clients set these themselves. We may need to ask, “How realistic is this?” and bring them to an achievable level.
5 Stages of Counselling
- Rapport and relationship building—A first impression can be a lasting impression. We need to make people comfortable and be comfortable with them. This is the hardest part of counselling.
- Assessment or defining the problem. Counselling does not do as much assessment- more in psychotherapy. Instead, we help them define their problem. Talk therapy- help people talk through it. One can often figure it out just by talking thoroughly, but it helps to have someone there to listen.
- Goal Setting. (All these steps work together; the relationship must continue throughout.) Ask: Do you want to stay with your partner or leave? What is the goal?
- Initiating Interventions: What do they need to do? If something is debilitating, intervention may be necessary. For example, taking steps to overcome social anxiety—saying hi to someone in class—encourages them to do things. In the above example, go to a party.
- Termination and follow-up. The issue may return, and they may need to come back.
3 C’s of Counselling
- Challenges/Choices/Changes.
- Feeling a challenge in their life. Relationships, work, family, etc.
o Usually a combination. Challenges could require them to make a choice or a change. - Adapting to the change that has been made.
The Forces of Counselling Theory.
- First Force- Psychodynamic approaches.
- Second Force- Behavioral approaches.
- Third Force- Existential /Humanistic approaches.
- Fourth Force- Systemic approaches (multicultural/family/feminist/postmodern)
- Fifth force- neuroscientific approaches.
Psychoanalytic therapy
(psychodynamic approach) Founder: Sigmund Freud. A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality.
Human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts.
Adlerian therapy
(psychodynamic approach) Founder: Alfred Adler. Key Figure: Following Adler, Rudolf Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the United States. This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies
Humans are motivated by social interest, by striving toward goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual’s positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events. Each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life.
Existential therapy
(Experiential and Relationship-Oriented) Key figures: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom. Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one’s life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.
stresses a concern for what it means to be fully human. It suggests certain themes that are part of the human condition, such as freedom and responsibility, anxiety, guilt, awareness of being finite, creating meaning in the world, and shaping one’s future by making active choices
a philosophy of counseling that stresses the divergent methods of understanding the subjective world of the person
The central focus is on the nature of the human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one’s fate, responsibility, anxiety, the search for meaning, being alone and being in relation with others, striving for authenticity, and facing living and dying.
Person-centered therapy
(Experiential and Relationship-Oriented) Founder: Carl Rogers; Key figure: Natalie Rogers. This approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns.
rooted in a humanistic philosophy, places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist.
It maintains that the quality of the client–therapist relationship is the prime determinant of the outcomes of the therapeutic process.
Philosophically, this approach assumes that clients have the capacity for self-direction without active intervention and direction on the therapist’s part.
Positive view of people; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness.
Gestalt therapy
(Experiential and Relationship-Oriented) Founders: Fritz and Laura Perls; Key figures: Miriam and Erving Polster. An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
a range of experiments to help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the here and now
therapists tend to take an active role, yet they follow the leads provided by their clients.
The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Some key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness. The view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. As an experiential approach, it is grounded in the here and now and emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility.
Cognitive behavior therapy
(Cognitive Behavioral Approach)Founders: Albert Ellis and A. T. Beck. Albert Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy, and A. T. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Judith Beck continues to develop CBT; Christine Padesky has developed strengths-based CBT; and Donald Meichenbaum, who helped develop cognitive behavior therapy, has made significant contributions to resilience as a factor in coping with trauma.
learning how to challenge inaccurate beliefs and automatic thoughts that lead to behavioral problems.
Individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. This is a psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as a learning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems.
