Chapter 7- Person Centered

Question 1

humanistic psychology

Answer 1

A movement, often referred to as the “third force,” that emphasizes freedom, choice, values, growth, self-actualization, becoming, spontaneity, creativity, play, humor, peak experiences, and psychological health.

Question 2

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)

Answer 2

entails the practice of therapy being informed by understanding the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic change. Strategies used in EFT are aimed at strengthening the self, regulating affect, and creating new meaning.

Question 3

“third force” in therapy

Answer 3

An alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches; under this heading are the experiential and relationship-oriented therapies (existential therapy, person-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy).

Question 4

Self-actualization

Answer 4

The central theme of the work of Abraham Maslow. His theory of self-actualization is postulated on a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation.

Self Actualization.
* Is a directional process of moving forward in one’s life – becoming a ‘whole’ person
* Includes greater personal self-awareness, freedom, honesty, caring, and autonomy
* Overall – being the person one wants to be and not living to the expectations of others

Question 5

positive psychology

Answer 5

A movement that has come into prominence, which shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.

Question 6

hierarchy of needs

Answer 6

We are able to strive toward self-actualization only after these four basic needs are met: physiological, safety, love, and esteem.

Question 7

actualizing tendency

Answer 7

A growth force within us; a directional process of striving toward self-regulation, self-determination, realization, fulfillment, perfection, and inner freedom; the basis on which people can be trusted to identify and resolve their own problems in a therapeutic relationship.

Question 8

therapeutic core conditions

Answer 8

The necessary and sufficient characteristics of the therapeutic relationship for client change to occur. These core conditions include therapist congruence (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance and respect), and accurate empathic understanding

Question 9

Congruence

Answer 9

The state in which self-experiences are accurately symbolized in the self-concept. As applied to the therapist, congruence is matching one’s inner experiencing with external expressions; congruence is a quality of realness or genuineness of the therapist.

not enabling- being real, like its not ok that you stabbed someone. I don’t like that you did that but it doesn’t mean that I don’t like you. It’s not ok to just hate someone who stabbed someone- there is a story behind it. Leads to empathy- put yourself in their shoes and see if you can see how they stabbed someone.

Question 10

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 10

The nonjudgmental expression of fundamental respect for the person as a human; acceptance of a person’s right to his or her feelings.

Question 11

Empathy

Answer 11

A deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.

accurate ability to view the world from client’s perspective
* Accurate empathic understanding is thought to be the most powerful determinant of client progress
* Empathy ISN’T sympathy
* Empathy IS being able to relate to another person’s situation, either directly or parallel, or by a deep understanding of other people’s feelings

Question 12

Accurate empathic understanding

Answer 12

The act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person’s subjective world without losing one’s own identity.

Question 13

Immediacy

Answer 13

Addressing what is going on between the client and therapist right now.

Question 14

expressive arts therapy

Answer 14

An approach that makes use of various arts—such as movement, drawing, painting, sculpting, music, and improvisation—in a supportive setting for the purpose of growth and healing.

Question 15

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

Answer 15

A humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, directive counseling approach that was developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s.

Question 16

The MI spirit

Answer 16

It is essential that therapists function within the spirit of MI, rather than simply applying the strategies of the approach. The attitudes and skills in MI are based on a person-centered philosophy.

Question 17

stages of change

Answer 17

People are assumed to progress through a series of five identifiable stages of motivation and readiness to change in the counseling process. They include the precontemplation stage, the contemplation stage, the preparation stage, the action stage, and the maintenance stage.

Question 18

Humanism and Existentialism BOTH

Answer 18

• Respect for client’s experience and trust in clients’ ability to change
• Believe in freedom, choice, values, personal responsibility, autonomy, meaning
• Client strength/s versus client deficit/s and de-empasize notions of pathology

Question 19

Humanism vs. Existentialism…

Answer 19

Existentialism
* Clients come into counseling because they are facing anxiety trying to construct an identity in a world without intrinsic meaning. Focus is often on realities of existence (life, death, isolation)
Humanism
* Less focus on anxiety
* Clients can suffer from anxiety in trying to create an identity
* Clients need to believe they have the natural potential to self-actualize
* Rogers was a problem solver.
* Reflecting- the most commonly used counselling technique.

Question 20

Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 20

• Physiological needs
• Belonging and Love
• Safety needs (security and stability)
• Self-esteem
• Fun and Humor

Question 21

• Masks:

Answer 21

you present yourself to people how you want them to see you. Perhaps not being your authentic self makes you not happy.

Question 22

Key Aspect of PCT

Answer 22

• The therapeutic relationship and the client’s internal resources are the crux of successful therapy.
• The qualities and characteristics of the therapist are key to the success of therapy

Question 23

• Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Change

Answer 23

• Congruence—genuineness, counsellor’s behavior is congruent with emotions
• Empathy—accurate ability to view the world from client’s perspective
• Accurate empathic understanding is thought to be the most powerful determinant of client progress
• Unconditional Positive Regard—acceptance, caring, confirmation of client

Question 24

• Subjective empathy

Answer 24

• When counsellors learn about an experience from a client and begin to internalize what that would be like

Question 25

• Interpersonal empathy

Answer 25

• When counsellors understand an experience at a distance but can convey a sense of what it is like for the client

Question 26

• Objective empathy

Answer 26

• When counsellors rely on outside frames of reference or similar experiences

Question 27

Accurate Empathy

Answer 27

• Rather than think of empathy as a particular type, it is more useful to think of it in an integrated manner and not to focus as much on how one might relate to a client’s experience, but rather, focus on being able to internalize that experience and be able to put oneself in the shoes of another person.

Question 28

• Therapy will help individuals:

Answer 28

• Person-centered therapy is grounded on the assumption that it is clients who heal themselves and create self-growth.
• Therapy will help individuals:
• Become open to experience
• Trust themselves
• Unmasking - evaluate themselves internally (not externally)
• Willing to continue to grow as a person

Question 29

Goals of Person-Centered Therapy

Answer 29

• Increase the independence and integration of the client
• Focus on the person, not the problem
• Create the conditions necessary for positive growth
• Develop openness to new experiences, trust in themselves, internal source of evaluation, and willingness to continue growing

Question 30

Limitations and Criticisms

Answer 30

• Many professionals feel PCT conditions are necessary but not sufficient for change to occur
• Many clients want more than just to be listened to, but rather, they want concrete techniques to help them change
• Many clients want more structure than what PCT provides for them
• Some cultures are more collectivist and PCT tends to be more individualistic