chpt 8: microbial growths Flashcards
study of modification of gene expression is known as
epigenetics
function of hydrogen bonds
provide stabilty
which molecule determines the parallel effect
sugar
what molecule turns to bring bases close and allows extreme stability
sugar
what is semi-conservative replication
1 new strand with 1 old/ parental strand
DNA helicase
DNA gyrase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
DNA ligase
are involved in
semi-conservative replication
function of DNA helicase
unwinds/ unzips the helix
which enzyme is responsible for stabilizing unwound parent DNA
DNA gyrase
when is the replication strand formed
after the DNA is unwound
two strands of replication fork is
- leading strand
- lagging strand
which direction does the leading strand run from
5’-3’
function of DNA polymerase
- proofread/ add new nucleotides continuously
which strand uses DNA polymerase
leading strand
how is the leading strand synthesized
- continously
which strand has its direction as 3’-5’
lagging strand
what makes the lagging strand unique
- synthesized in short fragments
- not recognized by DNA polymerase
which enzyme in a lagging strand prepares RNA primer so the DNA polymerase can recognize it
RNA polymerase
how does DNA polymerase add nucleotides in the lagging strand
discontinuously in short fragments called okazaki fragments
function of DNA ligase
fills in the Okazaki fragments
info in dna is copied as RNA nucleotides sequences to produce mRNA is known as
transcription
what is copied in transcription
- segment of DNA known as a gene
what is a promotor
site where RNA polymerase binds to DNA marking the beginning on transcription
which DNA strand is used in transcription
5’-3’
in which type of microbes does transcription occur in the nuclues
eurkaroytes
where does transcription occurs in prokaryotes
cytoplasm
what allows RNA to exit the nuclues
- single strand
- RNA splicing
what happens in the process of RNA splicing
introns are cut away and exons join
function of exons
expressed region of DNA found on RNA
what is the unexpressed region of DNA on RNA
introns
which enzymes helps with RNA splicing
ribozyme
does RNA splicing occur in prokaryotes
no
function of translation
making proteins from mRNA
condon is
3 nucleotides that code for 1 a.a
AUG is
universla start codon
universal stop aka nonsense condons are
UAA, UAG, UGA
function of tRNA
carry a,a on acceptor arm
which part of the tRNA carries an anticodon
long arm
what is the site of translation
rRNA / ribosomes
which direction does translation occur
5’-3’
how does protein synthesis occur
2 subunits of ribosomes joining
when can translation begin before transcription is done and why
in prokaryotes cuz transcription occurs in plasma
what determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to a.a
genetic code
how many codons code for 20 a.a
64
what determines the type of aminio acid that will be produced
codons on mRNA
