CHPT 1-6 Flashcards
microbiology def
study of microrganisms aka microbes
what does ‘micro’ really mean
- m : microscopic
- I: independent
- c: complex
- r: rapid growth rates
- o: omnipresent (almost everywhere)
prokaryotes meaning
before nucleus
free floating DNA in a form of nucleiod is which type of microbe
prokaryotes
which type of microbe has one circular DNA molecule
prokaryotes
do prokaryotes have organelles
only have ribosomes!
which microbe has a complex cell wall
prokaryotes
how is the cell wall in prokaryotes damaged
antibiotics (penicillin)
peptidoglycan (carbohydrate x protein) makes up ___ in prokaryotes
cell wall
what type of cell division occurs in prokaryotes
simple
which type of microbe is known as the true nucleus
eukaryote
where is the DNA in eukaryote
nucleus (in chromosomes)
which eukaryote have several organelles
eukaryote
what is the cell wall made of in eukaryote microbes
- made of sugar
- little to no peptidoglycan
mitosis and meiosis occurs in which type of microbe
eukaryote
antibiotic- resistant infections are due to
- random mutation
- overuse + misuse
what name is capitalized when naming and classifying microbes
genus
specific epithet (2nd name) is
lower case
emerging infectious diseases are
new diseases that changing and have a potential to increase
zika virus disease (2015) is spread by
mosquitos
what disease causes fetal defects
zika virus disease
example of prokaryote
bacteria
archaea and eubacteria are examples of
bacteria
which type of bacteria is archaea
- ancient
archaea live in __
extreme environmental conditions
which type of bacteria’s cell walls don’t have peptioglycan
archaea
which bacteria never cause disease
archaea
eubacteria is
true bacteria that causes disease
examples of eurkaryote
- fungus
- algae
- protozoa
- viruses
- parasites
fungus structure is
unicellular or multicellular
does photosynthesis occur in fungus
no
malaria is an example of which eurokarytoe
protozoa
how do protozoa live?
free or as parasites (invade cells)
what eurkaryote are intracellular parasites
viruses
examples of viruses
- HIV
- Hepatitis
- Herpes
- Skin viruses (measles)
- SARs, MERs, coronavirus
who disapproved theory of spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
fermentation
yeast involvement
what is an example of fermentation
yogurt and bread
what process involves heating things to avoid spoilage
pasteurization
germ theory of life
specific microbes might cause specific disease
a sequences of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease (diagnosis)
kochs postulates
who proved that bacterium causes anthrax
Robert koch
bacillus anthracis causes and was caused during 9/11
anthrax
Edward jenner formulated
vaccines using cow pox
immunity is known as
protection from disease by vaccination or recovery
proteins are
organic molecules that contain C, H, O, N, and S
what is essential in cell structure and function
proteins
denaturation is
the disruption of protein structures
fundamental building blocks of proteins is
amino acids
how many universal a.a are there?
20
what makes a.a universal
R side group
how many groups do a.a have
4 groups
how to form proteins
combining -ooh group of one and -h group of another and removing water
dehydration synthesis is
removing water
what is a bond b/w a.a called?
peptide bond
pleating or spiral of single chain is
the primary structure
which structure is 3D
a tertiary structure
examples of quaternary structure are
Hb and collagen
DNA is
genetic blueprint, that is made of nucleotides
DNA structure
double helix
a base, sugar, and phosphate make up
nucleotides
base = is made of
purine and pyrimidine
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) make up
purine
Pyrimidine is consists of
Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U)
where is Uracil found
in RNA only (replaces T)
purine structure
double hexagons
what is deoxyribose
- O2 is removed from sugar’s second C molecule
which C on the sugar molecule in DNA loses O to form deoxyribose
2nd C
how do you count the C on deoxyribose
clockwise
phosphate in DNAs charge
negative charge
what does the phosphate DNA not have
C and is inorganic
what has complete ribose sugar
RNA
does RNA have T?
no its replaced with U
what are the three types of RNA
mRNA, and tRNA, and rRNA
function of the three types of RNAs is
protein synthesis
colouring microbes w/ dyes that emphasize certain structures is known as
staining
chormophore of stain is
salts composed of + and - ions, one is coloured
preparing colourless bacteria against a coloured background
negative staining
what allows observing cell shape, sizes and capsules
negative staining
when are acidic dyes used
in anion (-)
which type of dye is more commonly used
basic dye
cation (+) use
basic dye
compound light microscope
has lenses and uses visible light as its source of illumination
light source is known as
illuminator
lenses the light rays pass through is known as
condenser
resolution is
ability of the lenses to distinguish fine details and structures
measure of the light- bending ability of a medium
refractive index
differential stains =
- gram stain
- acid-fast stain
which stain uses a single basic dye
simple stain
function of mordant
- intensifies a basic dye
- holds the stains and coats the specimen to enlarge it
can mordant be used with heat
no
what are simple stains good for
shape, arrangement, size of specimen
differentital stains function
distinguishes b/w bacteria
what are the differential types of staining ?
- gram stain
- acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen)
which type of differential staining has 4 steps
gram stains
how many steps are in acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen) staining `
3
what is the function of gram stains
classifies bacteria into G + or G -
how long does gram staining take?
less than 5 mins
1rst step in in gram stains is
using primary basic stain
when is crystal violet used
first step of gram staining.
when and why is mordant added in gram staining
2nd step to intensify purple
function of decoloring agent in gram staining
removes purple from G - species
3rd step in gram staining is
- adding a decoloring agent (95% ethanol or alcohol-acetone)
at which step is a counterstain added in gram staining
4th
which counterstain is used in gram staining
safranin (red)
what type of cell losing its purple colour during step 3 of gram staining
G -
Gram + cell colour after gram stain
purple
Gram - cell colour after gram stain
red/ pink
which differential stain takes 10-15 and why
acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen), and because of heating
which differential stain detects TB and leprosy (mycobacteria)
acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen)
when is carbolfuchsin (red) used
first step of acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen) and flagella staining
2nd step of acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen) consists of
decolorizing alcohol agent
what counterstain (step 3) is used in acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen)
methylene blue
what are G + cells that experience acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen) staining
TB cells or leprosy cells
when are G - cells blue
acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen)
what leaves G - cells colourless
decolonizing agent
colour of tb cells and leprosy
red
what type of stains colours parts of microbes (endospore, flagella or capsule)
special stains
what is a capulse
gelatinous covering of bacteria
what type of special stain colours the background and to the cells
capsule stain
first step of capsule stain
-acidic stain (India ink or nigrosin)
function of acidic stain
colour background
india ink and nigrosin are examples of
acidic stains
water wash functions as the
second step in capsules staining
- takes away extra stain
step 3 of capsule stain
use basic simple stain
what is the end result of a capsule stain
dark background, colourless cells, red bacterum
does the capsule pick up the stain
no, it forms a halo
when is malachite green/ primary basic stain used
first step of endospore (Schaefer-fulton)
how does malachite green stain
with 5 mins of heating
step 2 of endospore (Schaefer-fulton) stain is and function
water wash
- takes away from the rest of the cell
third step of endospore (Schaefer-fulton) stain is
counterstain with saphrine
green endospores and red cells are the result of
endospore (Schaefer-fulton) staining
how do G + not lose the OG staining colour for gram staining ?
iodine (mordant) can’t leave the cell, it is too big
what are the different shapes of prokaryotes?
- spiral
- bacillus
- coccus
- coccobacillius
- pleomorphic
different spiral shapes are
- vibrio
- spirllium
- spirochete
curved rod is
vibrio
vibrio choleras shape is
vibrio- spiral
what causes watery, explosive diarrhea
vibrio choleras
spirillum structure is
rigid lil worm
thin flexible structure that moves with a flagella that curves around the body is
spirochete
which prokaryote shape can be used a scientific name or to describe a shape
bacillus
bacillus antharics structure is
single bacillus
diplobacilli are
bacillus dividing and sticking
a chain of bacillus aka
streptobacilli
structure of coccus
berry shapes; usually round, but can be oval, elongates or flat on one side
what is a single chain of cocci known as
streptococci
example of streptococci
streptococcus pyogensis aka strep throat
staphylococcus structure
a cluster of cocci
staphylococcus aureus causes
- skin infections (stye)
- Toxic shock syndrome
- food poisoning
structures of prokaryotes
- glycocalyx (capsule)
-flagellla - fimbriae and pili
- axial filaments
- cell wall
what is the sugar coating on prokaryote
glycocalyx (capsule)
what is glycocalyx (capsule) made of
proteins + carbohydrates or just proteins
location of glycocalyx (capsule)
outside cell wall
when is glycocalyx (capsule) describes as smile layer
if the substance is unorganized and loosely attached
what helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment
extracellular polymeric substance
functions of glycocalyx (capsule)
- invade immune sys
- attach to human cells (cuz of stickiness)
- increase virulence (diseases causing capacity)
does glycocalyx (capsule) allow phagocytosis
no
what causes streptococcus mutants (cavity)
the stickiness the glycocalyx (capsule) have
- attracts sugar
what is virulence
diseases causing capacity
when does streptococcus pneumoniae cause pneumonia
only when it is covered by a capsule
what prokaryote structure allow bacterium movement
flagella
flagella structure
made of proteins
- filament
- hook
- basal body
filament structure
- hollow, tube like
- contain flagellin
what part of the flagella is stained
- filament
which flagella structure is wider
hook
hook function
- area where filament sits/ anchors filament to cell wall and plasma membrane
which filament structure is deep in the bacteria
basal body
2 screws or 2 pairs of the basal body can be found in
G - cells
which pair of the basal body is present in gram + cells
inner pair
inner pair of a basal body (G -) attaches to
plasma membrane
which pair of the basal body for G - cells attaches to the cell wall
outer pair
when a bacteria does not have a flagella it is called
atrichous
single wip is aka
monotrichous and polar
flagella is aka
a wip
amphitrichous and polar is
a wip on both sides of a Bacteria
a bundle of flagella on one side is known as
lophotrikhous and polar
peritrichous =
non polar
and flagella all around
what allows bacteria to move in a cork screw movement
axial filament aka endoflagela
what prevents spyhilis from touching the environment
- outershealth on axial filament aka endoflagela
which bacteria shape is axial filament aka endoflagela found on
- spirochete
- anchored at one end of a cell
function of frimbriae
allows attachment
what prokaryote structure transfers DNA between cells
pili (sex pili)
what is formed between 2 bacterial cells
a bridge / pili
structure of fimbriae
short and numerous
what bacertium has frimbriae that allow attachment to genital
neisseria gonorrhoea
what type of cells have Many frimbaie
G - cells
what causes antibiotic resistance in escheria coli
pili
problems in the GI tract are caused by
escheria coli (colon) (G - )
how do bacteria move?
running; if they hit smt, they will change direction (tumble)
what is taxis
movement of bacterium toward or away from stimuli
example of stimuli for bacteria
chemical (chemotaxis), light (phototaxis), O2, ribose and glucose
bacterium moving toward stimuli is known as
+ chemotactic signal called attractant
- chemotactic signal called repellant is
bacterium moving away from stimulus
what is the cell wall of a prokaryote made of
peptidogylcan aka murrain
function of the protein part of peptidogylcan
- hold cell wall tat
- tetrapeptide
how does one kill a bacteria cell using antibiotics
breaking apart the protein
what are two types glucose in peptidogylcan
N-acetylglucosamine acid (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
cell wall functions
- anchorage for flagella
- contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease
- site of action for some antibiotics
what does the gram + cell consist of
- many layers of PG
- teichoicacid
what provides much of the walls of G + cells antigenic specificity
teichoicacid
structure of teichoicacid
- large organic acid
- alcohol
- phosphate (PO4-)
what is the alcohol component of G + cell wall
- ribitol (long)
- glycerol (simple)
what are the two types of teichoic acid in the G + cell wall
- wall teichoic acid (short)
- lipo teichoic acid (long)
what type of teichoicacid is linked to PG and doesn’t leave the cell wall (G + cells)
wall teichoic acid (short)
location of lipo teichoic acid (long) in G + cells
linked to plasma membrane
function teichoic acids
- allow recogniziton of bacteria in a lab
- draw in + ions, like Ca2+
- cel growth?
which G cell has 1-2 layers of PG and an outermsmbrane and an phospholipid bi-layer
Gram -
function of outer membrane in G - cells
- act as barrier to detergents, heavy metals, bile salts, certain dyes, antibiotics
what kind of charge does the G - cell wall have + function
- strong negative charge that evades phagocytosis
- lipoproteins
- porin channels
- lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
make up the phospholipid bi-layer cell wall in what type of bacterial cell
G -
function of lipoprotein
anchor
which phospholipid bi-layer in G - cell act as channels and allow nucleotides, peptides, amino acids, B12 and Fe through
porin
what is gel like fluid b/w outer membrane and plasma membrane
periplasm
break down of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in g -
lipo = lipid A
o-poly
Core polysaccharide
lipid A aka endotoxin function in G - cell wall
- release poison to harm when bacteria die
- cause fever, endotoxin shock, clotting
- diarrhea and vomiting
what is attached to lipid A in G - cell wall
Core polysaccharide (unusal sugar)
which component of LPS functions as an antigen
o-poly
function of periplasm
- contains degradative enzymes
- transport proteins
example of atypical cell walls
- acid-fast cell walls
- mycoplasma
- archaea
acid fast cells walls are found in which species
myobacterium
examples of mycobacterium
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- myobacterium leprae
what is bound to PG in acid-fast cell walls
- waxy, lipid extra layer of mycolic acid
can antibiotics penetrate mycolic acid ?
no
how long is the treatment for tb
9 months
which myobacterium treatment is 2 years
myobacterium leprae
which atypical cell wall has no cell wall and only plasma membrane with sterols
mycoplasma
function of sterols in plasma membrane
prevents lysis (rupture)
pleomorphic meaning
bacterium with many shapes
example of pleomorphic bacteria
mycoplasma
smallest bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells
mycoplasma
example of mycoplasma
mycoplasma hypopnemonia
archaea structure
no cell wall or PG
- pseudomurien
what atypical cell well cell can’t be stained but appears as G -
archaea
what causes damage to prokaryote bacteria cell wall
lysozymes
where are lysozymes found?
- tears
- saliva
- mucus
- lots in breastmilk
where are lysozymes more active and why
- cell wall of G + cells
- vulnerable to lysis
what destroys the glycan portions of PG and removes the cell wall
lysozymes
what is a G + called after lysozymes destroy the cell wall
protoplast
spheroplasts =
G - with somewhat of an destroyed cell wall
what forms after loss of cell wall and irregular swelling
L forms
what may form spontaneously or develop in responser to penicillin
L forms
FUNCTION of penicillin
- inhibit peptide bridges in PG or lysozymes
- inhibit cell wall formation
what time of cells respond better to penicillin
G +
what structures of a bacteria function the same as human cell structures
- plasma membrane
- ribosomes
- movement of materials
- cytoplasms
what does the G - outermsmbrane look like
plasma membrane of eurkaryotes and prokaryotes
what plasma membrane structure of prokaryotes is responsible for
- breakdown of nurteins
- productions of E
chromatophores
structure of plasma membrane - prokaryotes
- phospholipid bilayer
- peripheral proteins
- intergral proteins
- NO STEROLS (LESS RIGID)
- glycoproteins
- glycolipids
function of - glycoproteins
- glycolipids in plasma mem
- lubricate and protect the cell
what types of proteins in the plasma membrane function as enzymes
peripheral proteins
function of integral proteins aka transmembrane proteins
may act as channels
which proteins may get removed after disruption in lipid layer
intergral proteins
mesomes
- large irregular folds of bacterial plasma
alcohols, ammonium (disinfectants), antibiotics cause damage to
plasma membrane - prokaryotes
extracellular enzymes function
breakdown of needed molecules to allow them to pass through
hypotonic solution has
water into the cell
- lysis may occur
which type of solution has water moving out of the cell and may experience shrinking
HYPERTONIC
example of active transport in prokaryotes is
group translocation
what is group translocation
- substance is chemically altered during transport across membrane
- substance remains inside
what occupies 20% of cell in prokaryotes
nucleotide/ bacterial chromosomes with no histones
what type of microbes have small ribosomes (70s)
PROKARYoyte
function of cytoskeleton in prokaryote
- cell division/ growth/ alignment of organelles
- protein targeting
- maintaining cell shape
what is sporulation
how endospores are made
resting cells formed when there is a depletion of essential nutrients for bacteria is known as
ENDOSPORES
what causes endospores to survive for a long time?
stickyness/ them sticking to everything
- resistance to heat, chemicals and radiation
what is G + genus that is an example of endospores
clostridium and bacillus
coxiella burnetti is a G __ example of endospore
G -
what causes pneumonia after germinating in lungs and Q fever
coxiella burnett
bacillus anthracis a G + ___
endospore
species name of clostridium endospores
- tetani
- perfrigens
- botulinum
- difficile (C-diff)
what G + endospore affects diabetic pts
clostridium perfrigens
sever food poisoning is
clostridium botulinum
how does clostridium botulinum occurs
it can survive boiling temp
newly replicated bacteria and little cytoplasm isolated in spore septum is __
the first observable stage of sporulation
spore septum is
the ingrowth of plasma membrane
entirely enclosed within OG cell is known as
forespore
spore coat is
protein formed around the outside membrane
resistance of endospores to chemicals is known as
spore coat
what is gone near the end of sporulation
water
what wants to keep the spore alive by provides heat and chemical resistance and allows differentiation and is only in endospores
dipicolic acid (DPA)
germination is
endospores awakening triggered by increased heat
metabolism is
the sum total of all chemical runs happening in cell
anabolism is
using energy to make molecules
when is a dehydration reaction used
anabolism
endergonic rxn is
using E in anabolism to make molecules
anabolism is aka
biosynthesis
degradative process of breaking materials and releasing energy is known as
catabolism
exergonic is
releasing energy (catabolism)
what is the building block for anabolic rxns
catabolism
ADP + P1 + energy =
ATP/ catobolic / ATP release
amount of E needed to disrupt the stable molecule is known as
activation E
reaction rate is
the frequency of collision containing sufficient tE to bring about a rxn
what are biological catalysts called in living cells
enzymes
function of enzymes
- lower activation to speed up the rxns
region of enzyme that comes in contact with substrate
active site
turnover number is
max number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts/ turns into products
what are the two types of enzymes called
- simple
- conjugate
holoenzyme are composed of
- apoenzymes
- cofactors
conjugate enzymes can be made of
- apoenzymes
or - cofactors
what types of enzymes are proteins
apoenzymes
what makes apoenzymes activate
joining of cofactor
cofactors structure
- non protein
- organic and inorganic molecules
function of cofactor
may help enzyme and substrate join
organic molecules of cofactors are aka
coenzymes
VIT B is an example of
a coenzyme
examples of VIT B
- NAD
- FAD
- FMN
- CoA
- CoQ
- glucose catabolism
- carry e- and p+
- get from diet
describes…
VIt B
what vit b is derived from niacin (niothic acid)
NAD
FMN and FAD are derived from
vit b riboflavin
what is pathoetheic acid made of
CoA
what factors influence enzymatic activity
- temperature
- pH
- substrate concentration
- inhibitors
when does denaturation of enzymes occur
when to goes beyond the optimal temp
what changes the active site of enzymes
denaturation
concentrated acids, bases, heavy-metal ions, alcohol, and UV radiation are cause
`denaturation
high substate concentration is known as
saturation
when is max rate obtained
when the concentration of substrate is high
(more than that, it won’t do anything)
what are the two types of inhibitors
competitive or non-competive
what type of inhibitor fills the active sire of an enzyme and competes with normal substrate for active site
competitive
how to overcome function of competitive inhibitor
increase substrate
what nutrient is used in synthesis of folic acid (coenzyme)
- PABA
where does a noncompetitive inhibitor interact
alloesteric site
function of noncompetitive inhibitor
cause active site to change shape so it becomes nonfunctional
what is enzyme poison and causes terminate inactivation of enzymes
- cyanide
- fluoride
noncompetitive inhibitors
function of sulphanilamide
- makes sure bacteria doesn’t make DNA or RNA
what process shuts down enzyme activity
feed back inhibition
what inhibits e coli
isoleucine inhibits first enzymes
function of ribozyme
- catalysts
- type of RNA
breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce E is known as
carbohydrate catabolism
how many steps are in glycolysis
10 steps `
at which step of glycolysis is 2 ATP used at steps 1 and 3 for glucose breakdown
preparatory stage
how many ATP and NADH are produced at steps during energy conversing stage
4 ATP steps produced at steps 7 and 10
2 NADH produced at step 6
intermediate step of carbohydrate catabolism is
pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA
series of carrier molecules that are oxidized and reduced as e- pass is
the electron transport chain
removal of e- is known as
oxidation and dehydrogenation
reduction rxn and hydrogenation is
gaining e-
adding phosphate to ADP is known as
phosphorylation
three types of phosphorylation
- substrate level addition to P
- oxidative phosphorylation
- photophosphorylation
what type of reaction does oxidative phosphorylation use
- redox rxn
what is the final molecule the e-s are transferred to in oxidative phosphorylation
oxygen
atp synthesis using ETC that involves oxidative phosphorylation is
chemioosmosis
which carbohydrate catabolism occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
- glycolysis
- intermediate step
- Krebs cycle
where does etc occur in prokaryotes
plasma membrane
final acceptor for aerobic respiration is
oxygen
organic molecules act as a final e- acceptor in
fermentation
when is pyretic acid reduced by 2 NADH to produce lactic acid
lactic acid fermentation
alcohol fermentation steps
2 pyruivc acids into 2 acetaldehyde into 2 ethanol
pyschrophites =
cold moving microbes
pyschrophiles break down to
- true
- facultative/ psychotropes
which type of pyschrophites love the cold and the optimal is 15C
true
what temp can facultative/ psychotropes grow at
0C
opitmal temp for facultative/ psychotropes
20-30C
what microbe can’t grow around 40C
facultative/ psychotropes
which microbes have an optimal range of 37C but can’t grow around 50C
mesophiles
which catergory do most pathogens belong in
mesophiles
thermophiles optimal temp is
50-60C
hypertermophiles can grow till
110C
what factors can influence growth
- temp
- pH
- osmotic pressure
- chemical factor
what prokaryote prefers a pH of 6.5-7.5
bacteria
molds preferred pH is
5-6`
plasmolysis is
osmotic loss of water or shrinkage of cell cytoplasm
extreme halophiles aka obligate halophiles
adapted to high salt concentrations that they require them for growth
needed O2 to produce around 38 ATP from 1 glucose with good growth rates is known as
obligate aerobes
can obligate anaerobe use O2?
no
which species use obligate anaerobe
clostridium
which type of bacteria tolerate O2 and can’t use it
aerotolerant fermatitive
facultative anaerobes + O2 use
- can use O2 when its available
- use anaerobic when O2 is lacking
example of facultative anaerobe
- e coli
- yeast
which type of bacteria use organic molecules as their final e- accept and have a 2 net ATP
obligate fermenters
lactobacillus (yogurt) and yeast are an example of
obligate fermenters
how much atmospheric oxygen do microaerophile use
2-10%/ very small amounts
what part of the test tubes do microaerophiles grow at
middle
examples of microaerophiles bacteria
helicopter pylori (ulcer)
- camplyobacter jejuni (gastreonterius)
examples of toxic oxygen
- singlet O2
- superoxide free radicals
- peroxide
- hydroxyl radical
O2 boosted to a higher energy state is called
singlet O2`
superoxide free radicals are
O2 with a - charge that steals e- and p+
what is the final e- acceptor in superoxide free radicals
O2
function superoxide dismatase (SOD)
neutralizes superoxide free radicals; turn them into hydrogen peroxide + O2
does the peroxide anion steal e- and p+
yes
enzyme catalase and enzyme peroxidase function
break down hydrogen peroxide
which neutralization process is used in the human body for breaking down hydrogen peroxide
enzyme catalase
which toxic oxygen has no cure and cell death is evident
hydroxyl radical
microbe community on top of something is knwon as
biofilm aka hydrogel
example of biofilm
plaque
quorum sensing is
cell to cell communication for biofilm
nutrients prepared for microbial growth is known as
culture medium
sterile is
no living microbes
introduction of microbes to medium is known as
inoculum
culture is
microbes growing in nutrient broth on medium
polysaccharide that solidifies and use in solid culture medium is
agar
what is the one thing that bacteria don’t consume/ use as nutrients
agar
how to sterilize agar
- increase temp to 100
- then put it bath water init 45
at what temp of agar can diagnosis be done at
37
what contains one species of strain
pure culture
pop of cells arising from single cell or spare from a group of attached cells is known as
colony
function of streak methods
has three sections are used to isolate pure structures
what should be heated before applying it the streak method
lube
which streak plate sample can colonies be viewed from
3
what suppresses unwanted microbes and encourages desired microbes
selective media
what and where is bismuth sulphite agar used
- used to grow salmonella typhi
salmonella typhi is an example of what type of gram cell
G -
typhoid fever is caused by
salmonella typhi
what does bismuth sulphite agar inhibit
G +
which media will grow everything, but distinguished b/w colonies
differential media
what is used to grow streptococcus progenies (strep throat) in differntial media
blood agar
function of blood agar
- hemolysis of RBC around strep colony
selective x differential media function
- suppress and distinguish colonies
example of selective x differential media
mannitol salt agar
break down of mannitol salt agar
mannitol = differential
salt = selective
mannitol salt agar function
- used to grow staphlycocuss aureus
which growth phase is for intense metabolic activity
lag phase
log phase is
exponential growth due to related binary fission
is Time constant during log phase
yes
time required for one binary fission is knwon as
generation of TIME
formula for generation time
time/ # of division
which phase of growth is the bacteria most vulnerable
log phase
of deaths = # of new cells formed is which part of cell growth
stationary
death phase is
- pop decrease
what doubles every 20 mins
e coli
exact chemical composition known is
cultural defined medium
