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124 > chpt 15: mechanics of pathogenicity > Flashcards

chpt 15: mechanics of pathogenicity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ability to cause disease known as

A

pathogenicity

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2
Q

virulence is

A

the extent of pathogenicity

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3
Q

what are the mucous membrane portal of entry

A
  • respiratory tract
  • GI tract
  • genitourinary tract
  • conjunctiva
  • skin
  • parenteral route
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4
Q

what covers organs

A
  • mucous membranes
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5
Q

which portal of entry is the easiest and more frequent

A

respiratory tract

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6
Q

examples of illness caused by entry through resp tract

A
  • common cold
  • pneumonia
  • tb
  • influenza
  • measles
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7
Q

how is the GI tract affected by disease

A

food, water and contaminated

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8
Q
  • polimyelitis
  • Hep A
  • typhoid fever
  • amebic dysentry
  • giardiasis
  • shingles
    are examples of
A

GI tract entry diseases

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9
Q

examples of GU entry infections

A
  • STIs
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10
Q
  • conjuntivtis
  • tracoma
  • opthalmia
  • neonatorum
    entry through
A

conjuctiva

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11
Q

how are infections caused through the skin

A
  • broken skin
  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
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12
Q

how are infections caused by the parenteral route

A
  • bypassed skin, straight into tissue or mucous membrane
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13
Q

examples of parental route infections

A
  • insect bites
  • catheter
  • surgical wound
  • injections
    HIV, TETNAI, AND GANGRE
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14
Q

will disease occur if it doesnt enter through preferred spot

A

maybe not

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15
Q

what is the prefered route of s.typhi

A

swallow

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16
Q

how many preferred routes does b.anthracis have

A

3`

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17
Q

function of adhesion/ ligands on pathogens

A

bind with receptor on host to cause disease

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18
Q

structure of host receptor

A

sugar aka mannose or fructose

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19
Q

what is made of glycoproteins or lipoproteins on a pathogen

A

adhesion/ ligands

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20
Q

example of adhesion/ ligands on a pathogen

A
  • capsule
  • m- protein
  • mycolic acid
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21
Q

what does adherence mean

A

controlled or prevented infection

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22
Q

which bacteria has a capsule

A

s. mutants

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23
Q

function of glucoyltransferase formed by capsule on s.mutants

A
  • metabolize sucrose
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24
Q

end product after sucrose metabolism

A
  • glucose and fructose `
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25
Q

what grows layer by layer to form plaque

A

glucan (further broken down glucose)

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26
Q

what does fructose breakdown to + function of it

A

acid that degenerates tooth structures and nerves

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27
Q

cell wall components of attachment

A
  • mycolic acid
  • m proteins
  • frimbriae
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28
Q

which bacteria has m proteins outside the cell wall and frimbriae

A

s. pyogenes

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29
Q

resistant properties of m proteins

A

acid and heat resistance

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30
Q

what immunity to s.pyogenes depend on

A

bodys production of antibody specific to M-proteins

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31
Q

what makes up the cell wall of mycobacteria tb

A

mycolic acid

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32
Q

how does mycolic acid increase virulence

A

evades phagocytes

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33
Q

what are extracellular enzymes aka exoenzymes

A
  • secreted enzymes into body
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34
Q

types of exoenzyemes

A
  • coagulase
  • kinase
  • hyaluronidase
  • collagenase
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35
Q

which exoenzyemes forms blood clots that act as protection from phagocytosis

A

coagulase

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36
Q

example of coagulase

A

s. auresus in walling of procress in boils

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37
Q

function of kinase

A

breaks down blood clots to isolate infection

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38
Q

what kinda of exoenzyemes does s.pyogenes use and its function with it

A

kinsase, functions to break blood clots which causes heart attack

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39
Q

which exoenzyemes functions to hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid

A

hyaluronidase

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40
Q

function of hyaluronic acid

A

hold muscle and tissue

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41
Q

what happens with hyrolyzing of hyaluronic acid

A
  • breaks muscle and tissue
  • blackening of infected wounds
  • invade body/ help microbe spread
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42
Q

what happens with hydrolyzing of hyaluronic acid

A
  • breaks muscle and tissue
  • blackening of infected wounds
  • invade body/ help microbe spread
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43
Q

examples of disease that use hyaluronidase

A

c. perfringes = gangrae
c. pyogenes = flesh eating

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44
Q

what exoenzyme may be mixed with a drug to promote spread of it

A

hyaluronidase

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45
Q

what breaks down/ hydrolyzes collagen causing muscle to fall apart and facilitates spread of gas gangrene

A

collagenase

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46
Q

what antibody is produced in defence against pathogens of mucosal surface

A

IgA

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47
Q

IgA protease function

A

destroys antibodies

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48
Q

what does n.gonorrhea and n.meningisits produce

A

IgA protease

49
Q

what causes disease without penetrating the body

A
  • dental caries
  • acne
50
Q

do phagocytes move through biofilm

A

no

51
Q

do phagocytes move through biofilm

A

no

52
Q

how do bacterial pathogens damage host cells

A
  • sidespores
  • direct damage
  • toxins
53
Q

function of sidespores

A

damage host cells by stealing/ taking iron, which causes bacteria to increase

54
Q

what occurs once pathogens attach to host cells, use nutrients and accumulate waste products

A

direct damage

55
Q

examples of diseases using direct damage

A
  • e. coli
  • shigella
  • salmonella
  • n. gonorrhoea
56
Q

poisonous substance that are produced by certain microbes is known as

A

toxins

57
Q

whats the primary factor of pathogenic properties

A

toxins

58
Q

how are toxins transported

A

blood and lymph

59
Q

symptoms of toxins

A
  • fever
  • cardiovascular disturbances
  • diarrhea
  • shock
60
Q

why do symptoms of toxin occur

A

inhibit protein synthesis
- destroy blood cells and bs
disrupts NS by causing spasms

61
Q

intotoxications is caused by

A

presence of toxins

62
Q

what type of toxin is mostly Gram + with a few gram -

A

exotoxin

63
Q

when are exotoxins produced

A

during metabolism/ growth inside bacteria

64
Q

what are exotoxins made of

A

proteins

65
Q

what type of toxin produces antitoxins

A

exotoxin

66
Q

function of antitoxin

A

provide immunuty

67
Q

signs and symptoms of exotoxins are

A

specific, different, simple diagnosis

68
Q

how do exotoxins excrete their effects

A

destroys parts of host or inhibit metabolic functions

69
Q

what are toxoid vaccines

A
  • inactive/ altered exotoxins
  • stimulate antitoxin production as immunity
70
Q

which type of toxin circulates throughout body, is soluble in bodily fluids and easily diffuses

A

exotoxin

71
Q

how does botulism occur

A

ingestion of exotoxin

72
Q

example of intoxication illness

A

staphylococcal food poisoning

73
Q

what is part of bacterial cells and not a metobolic waste

A

endotxin

74
Q

what is part of bacterial cells and not a metobolic waste

A

endotoxin

75
Q

what type of bacteria release endotoxins

A

g -

76
Q

when are endotoxins release

A

during infection from cell wall (lipid A) or death of bacteria

77
Q

structure of endotoxin

A

lipid

78
Q

how do endotoxins exert their effect

A

macrophages releasing cytokines in increase conc
- activate blood clotting proteins

79
Q

which toxin has the same signs and symptoms

A

endotoxins

80
Q

signs and symptoms of endotoxins

A
  • fever
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • dysentry
  • miscarriage
  • clotting
  • spetic shock
81
Q

function of antibiotics with endotoxins

A

improve liver lipase breakdown of endotoxins

82
Q

what enhances effect of endotoxins

A

antibodies

83
Q

A-B toxins examples

A
  • diptheriotoxin
  • botulinum
  • tenanospasms
  • cholera toxin
84
Q

part A of A-B toxins function

A

active enzymatic part

85
Q

examples of exotoxins

A
  • A-B toxins
  • suprantigens
    -membrane disruptions
86
Q

what part of the A-B toxins attaches and binds to cells

A

B

87
Q

what was the first toxin to be studied

A

A-B toxin

88
Q

function A in diptheriotoxin

A
  • shuts down protein synthesis killing cell
89
Q

when does B bind to nerve cells at NMF and A inhibits ACh resulting in flaccid paralysis and no muscle tone

A

botulinum

90
Q

what happens with tetanaospasms

A
  • B binds to neurons at NMJ
    -A inhibits GABA which shuts down relaxation
91
Q

what is back paralysis and possible spine fractures known as

A

opsitholens

92
Q

muscle spasms in the mouth cavity is known as

A

lock jaw

93
Q

when does A bind to GI tract and results in cells pumping out a out of water with the help of cAMP

A

cholera toxin

94
Q

what causes breaks in eukaryotic DNA

A

genotoxins, hemophilus ducreyi and helicobacter spp

95
Q

disrupting phospholid layer and making proteins channels in pls mem is known as

A

membrane disruption

96
Q

how does membrane disruption contribute to increased virulence

A
  • killing host cells
  • aiding in the escape of bacteria
97
Q

what produces leukocidins and hemolysins

A

streptococcus and staphlycoccous

98
Q

what disease produces protien channels

A

s.aurues

99
Q

what is caused by erthyrogenic toxin

A

s. pyogens

100
Q

does one have a fever with s. pyogens

A

no

101
Q

when does hemolysisn in B hemolytic occur

A

with s. pyogens

102
Q

what disrupts the phospholid layer

A

c. perfringes

103
Q

what L monocytes produce

A

MAC

104
Q

which exotoxin is resposible for high infection with intense immune response

A

superantigents

105
Q

what does the body release of with supra antigens

A
  • cytokines produced of T cells
106
Q

what toxin goes all over the hosts body and the effects of it are seen when it reaches all over vital organs

A

superantigens

107
Q

symptoms of superantigens

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • shock , TSS caused by s. aureus
108
Q

how fast food poisoning by s. aures take place

A

1-6 hours, sudden, violent

109
Q

function of cytokines

A
  • regulate immune response
  • mediate cell- cell communication
110
Q

what cuases a fever with endotoxins

A

bacterial cell death

111
Q

treatment for fever

A

aspirin and Tylenol cuz they inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins

112
Q

how is fever produced in endotoxin

A

digestion of microbe releasing LPS
- which causes macrophages to relese IL-1 and TNF = fever

113
Q

function of IL-1

A

goes to hypothalamus through blood and secretes prostglandins

114
Q

function of TNF

A
  • binds to tissues in body and alters their metabolism
  • damages blood capillaries and increases permeability = loss of fluid
115
Q

examples of endotoxin producing bacteria

A
  • s. typhi
  • proteus spp (UTI)
  • n. meningitis
116
Q

what causes weakend BBB

A

endotoxin of hemphilus influenza type b

117
Q

start of a fever

A
  • chills and shivering
  • increased IL-1
118
Q

-sweating
- decreased IL-1
= getting better is part of

A

2nd stage of fever/ crisis stage

119
Q

in what disease does a fever go back and forth between start and crisis stage

A

malaria

124 (6 decks)

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