chpt 5

Question 1

components of anxiety

Answer 1

physiological: HR, shortness of breath…heightened lvl of arousal and phys activation

cognitive: subjective perception of anxious arousal and associated cog processes

behavioural: safety behaviours, avoidance

Question 2

test anxiety

Answer 2

tension and apprehension in and in prep of tests w cog and phys symptoms

test-irrelevant thinking: inability to concentrate due to wandering mind

Question 3

prevalence of anxiety

Answer 3

most common psych disorder

16% women, 9% ontario men
- highest percentage women 15-24

international prevalence: one year 10.6%, lifetime 16.6%

Question 4

anxiety vs other disorders

Answer 4

lifetime morbid risk (LMR): lifetime prevalence for ALL anxiety disorders is 60% vs depression 29.9%

anxiety disorders have earliest/latest median age of onset

Question 5

separation anxiety

Answer 5

fear and distress when away from person/fearing losing contact

Question 6

specific phobias

Answer 6

unwarranted fears of objects/situations that are nondangerous
- individ acknowledges ungrounded fear
- often not strong enough for treatment

Question 7

most common phobias

Answer 7

1. animal 2. heights 3. enclosed spaces

also blood/injection, thunder, dentist, flying, water

pa-leng: chinese fear of cold due to yin energy, loss of life

Question 8

social anxiety disorder

Answer 8

irrational fear of judgement from others, avoid evaluation

subtypes:
1. performance i.e. speaking
2. social interactions i.e. talk to clerk
3. public observation i.e. ride bus

taijin kyofusho: japanese fear of embarassing others by self appearance

Question 9

onset and prevalence of SAD

Answer 9

adolescent onset, i.e. 13yrs and lasts 20yrs

lifetime prevalence: higher in women, unmarried, no post-secondary education, less support

Question 10

SAD in children

Answer 10

often comorbid with other types of anxiety, mainly selective mutism

Question 11

behavioural theories of phobias ans SAD

Answer 11

2-factor model: person learns via classical conditioning (associate -ve stim w behaviour) and operant conditioning (reward v punish)

modelling: learn vicariously through fears of others

prepared learning: predisposed to fear things that are intrinsically threatening i.e. snakes

diathesis: predisposition…ppl may have tendency to believe traumatic event will happen again

social skills defecit: develop SAD bcs don’t know how to interact w others

Question 12

cognitive theories phobias and SAD

Answer 12

ppl w phobias and SAD:
- pay attention to -ve stimuli
- -vely interpret ambiguous info**
- believe -ve events will occur

SAD linked to:
- attentional bias to -ve social info
- memory bias where interpret own actions -vely

post-event processing: ppl w SAD will focus on what should have done

Question 13

biological theories of phobias and SAD

Answer 13

autonomic nervous system: system becomes aroused
- autonomic lability: system easily aroused, results in labile/jumpy ppl

amygdala and insula more active

jerome kagan: found infants cry when shown toys, may be more likely to develop phobia
- inherited behaviour

Question 14

psychoanalytic theories SAD and phobias

Answer 14

phobias are defense against anxiety caused by repressed id impulses

anxiety is displaced from id into objects it symbolizes

by avoiding stim, avoid conflict

Question 15

panic attack symptoms

Answer 15

• rapid breathing
• nausea
• chest pain
• dizziness, trembling, sweating
• depersonalization: feel out of body, lose sense of reality
• derealization: feel world isn’t real, fear of losing control and going crazy

Question 16

types of panic attacks

Answer 16

cued: strong association w trigger

situationally predisposed: some association w trigger

uncued: occur in benign states i.e. sleep, rest
- uncued triggers MUST occur to be diagnosed w panic disorder

Question 17

prevalence and severity of panic disorder

Answer 17

canadian prevalence: 6.4% in one year
- some may be independent of ab psych

cultural issues: inuit kayak-angst, fear of drowning when solo hunting

Question 18

agoraphobia

Answer 18

cluster of fears abt public places and being unable to escape

needs anxiety in 2/5 situations:
1. public transport
2. open spaces
3. closed spaces
4. lines/crowds
5. being out of house alone

Question 19

panic disorder and agoraphobia

Answer 19

diagnosed w or w/o agora

w agoraphobia: when avoidance behaviour becomes widespread to many situations
- avoid places where attacks are dangerous or embarassing

Question 20

biological theories of panic disorder

Answer 20

some illnesses cause symptoms
- mitral valve prolapse = heart palp
- inner ear disease = dizziness

noradrenergic overactivation: when system overly active can cause attack

genetic factors: disorder runs in families, more common in twins

Question 21

psychological thoeires of panic disorder

Answer 21

fear-of-fear hypothesis: agoraphobia not from public places, but fear of having attack

misinterpretation of phys symptoms: ppl become attentive to and upset by sensations

vicious cycle: ppl become vigilant abt signs of attack, makes attack more freq

anxiety sensitivity: risk factor for anxiety
- predicts development of anxiety and other disorders

Question 22

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 22

all-encompassing worries

features: diff concentrating, irritability, tired, high lvl muscle tension

treatment not often successful, only 18%

high comorbidity w anxiety and mood disorders

Question 23

psychological thoeries GAD

Answer 23

learning theories: anxiety classically conditioned w external stimuli
- need broad range stimuli

cognitive theories: perception of no control

intolerance of uncertainty: inability to tolerate uncertain outcomes, when ambig situation or assessing

approach-avoidance conflicts:
1. intolerance of uncertainty
2. fear of anxiety

role of worrying: distraction, does not produce physiological change and blocks emotional stimulus…anxiety does not dec

Question 24

bio theories GAD

Answer 24

genetic component

benzodiazepines may decrease anxiety bcs they increase GABA
- when take drugs that inhibit it, anxiety increases

Question 25

behavioural treatment of anx disorders

Answer 25

systematic desensitization: first used for specific phobias
- imagine series of increasingly frightening scenes while relaxed

in vivo exposure: home exercise where ppl exose to feared stim
- superior to imagination
- high dropout

VR exposure: as effective as in vivo
- AR only used for small animal phobias
- powerful impact, stable outcome

flooding: for phobias, exposure in full force…only last resort

Question 26

recommendation for injection

Answer 26

tense muscles to prevent fainting, since relaxing may result in fainting spell

Question 27

exposure treatment for panic disorder

Answer 27

panic-control therapy: three comps
1. relaxation training
2. combo ellis and beck CBT i.e. cognitive restructuring
3. interoceptive exposure: practice exercises that mimic feeling of anxiety

Question 28

bio treatment of anxiety

Answer 28

anxiety reducing drugs: sedatives, tranquilizers, and anxiolytics (loosen)

barbituates: 1st used, highly addictive and risk OD

benzodiazepines: i.e. atvian, supplement to other drugs like xanax

Question 29

depression drugs used for anxiety

Answer 29

1. monoamine oxidase: as effective as CBT
   - high blood pressure when eat cheese
2. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI): i.e. prozac, inc lvl of serotonin in brain
   - preferred for SAD, not GAD or phobias
   - 50% ineffective
   - can inc anxiety, insomnia, anger