chpt 3 Flashcards
theoretical orientation of assessors
cog
behav
humanistic
psychodynamic
electicintegrative
two components of reliability
- specificity: agreement abt absence of diagnosis
- sensitivity: agreement abt presence of diagnosis
alternate form reliability
using 2 forms of a test
internal consistency reliability
assess if item on a test are related to e/o, i.e. person takes anxiety tes, would have 2+ symptoms
criterion validity
whether measure matches other measure/criterion
broken into concurrent and predictive
construct validity
construct = attribute that’s inferred the test is measuring i.e. anxiety
smth that isn’t easily defined
case validity
the interpretations and decisions made abt a person
the case accurately encompasses the mult influences that contribute to distress and dysfunction
structured vs unstructured interviews
structured have high inter-rater reliability, follow pre-written and ordered questions to make DSM-5 diagnoses
unstrucutred low inter-rater reliability
branching decision trees: client’s response to one q determines what q asked next
test norms
test is admin to many ppl and responses are analyzed to see how ppl tend to respond…person’s score is compared to group norms
standardization
responses are compared to test norms that have been establish
personality inventories
self-reported questionnaire by which examinee indicates whether statements assessing tendencies apply to them
MMPI
most commonly used, been revised but still used
MMP1-2 specifically
almost 600 T/F
inexpensive
multiphasic: designed to detect a number of psychological problems
how was MMPI developed
- mult clinicians gave statements they considered indicative of MI
- called rational approach - items were rated as self-descriptive or not by ppl w and w/o diagnoses…called empirical mehtod
- items selected if clients in clinical group respond to them more than normal group
changes in MMPI-2
shortened version using diff scales
ppl argue MMPI-2-RF is brand new test that needs more validation
MMPI-3
335 items vs nearly 600 in MMPI-2
computer scored, based on patterns of responses
scale was created to identify ppl in personal lawsuits who claim to be injured but aren’t
faking bad: accentuating deficits that don’t exist
tends to misclassify ppl as fakers when not actually faking
- cannot be used in court
- renamed to Symptom Validity Scale
PAI
used instead of MMPI-2, has many of the same scales but fewer items and 4-pt scale instead of TF
contains critical items that warn if attention is needed i.e. suicidal intent
dysfunctional attitudes scale
assessment of cog measures i.e. depression
scores decrease w treatment
projective test
meant to tap into unconscious mind and reveal true feelings
if person sees ambiguous stim, will project self onto it
rorschach test
aka ink blot test
cards shown in specific order, person indicates what they saw
R-PAS
measure w high inter-rater reliability
used to score the rorscach test
thematic approach test
aka TAT
person is shown images the psychologist believes are relevant to them, and the patient is asked to make a story w them
intelligence test
standardized means of assessing person’s cog abilities
uses: diagnose learning disabilities, identify gifted kids
WAIS is adult test, also stanford-binet
stereotype threat
tendency for scores to fluctuate bcs of concern over furthering bias i.e. women do worse on math tests when asked to identify gender
cultural bias
the degree to which intelligence tests have content that isn’t meaningful to ppl of diff cultures
emotional intelligence and alexithymia
negative relation, as EQ inc, alexithymia dec and vv
computerized axial tomography
CT scan
moving beam of xrays take 360 image of brain
measures radioactivity to see diff in density, make 2d image of brain
magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
better than CT, uses no radiation
magnetic force aligns atoms and makes signal for images
fMRI
take quick images, allowing analysis of brain metabolism
i.e. allow intestigation of cog, aff, experimental processes
PET
inject radioactive isotope into bloodstream, monitor mvmnt in brain
neurologist vs neuropsychologist
neuropsychologist: psychologist studying how brain dysfunctions affect cog, behav
- cannot begin medical test
neurologist: physician, specializes in medical diseases impacting nervous system i.e. cerebral palsy
goals of neuropsychological tests and assessment
diagnose, determine if defecits are present (even w/o diagnosis), assess impact on qol and daily function
halstead-ratan battery
group of tets, each for diff brain function
- tactile performance test time: fit shapes into board while blindfolded
- tactile performance test memory: draw board from memory, showing if damaged parietal lobe
- category test: see image and press numb, bell sound if correct…use problem solving skills
- speech sounds perception test: participants hear nonsense and identify word from list
psychophysiology
bodily changes accompying psychological events i.e. inc HR, muscle tension
electrocardiocgram
ECG
electrodes measure HEART activity
electrodermal responding
skin conductance, electrical activity of weat glands…infer emotion
electroencephalogram
EEG
electrodes on SCALP, record underlying brain activity
tumour/lesion detection
DSM-3
had multi-axial classification — each person rated on 5 diff dimensions
personality disorders, med conditions, functioning, etc.
DSM-5, changes and controversies
eliminated multi-axial classification
new disorders and criteria for existing disorders
controversies: ppl in mourning may be diagnosed w depression
- diagnostic inflation: inc ppl w diagnoses, pharma benefits from prescriptions
prevalence
proportion of ppl w a diagnosis at a given time
lifetime prevalence
proportion of ppl who will have a diagnosis in their lifetime
epidemiology
study of frequency of disorders in population
cormobidity
the co-occurance of disorders
- major issue, makes treatment planning difficult
- raise concern that disorder isn’t distinct
categorical vs dimensional classification
dimensional class: person is placed on a continuum
- useful if disorder has lvls i.e. mild to severe
- less comorbidity bcs not all or none
catgeorical class: DSM-5 falls under this, tells if yes/no has/n’t disorder
- useful to know to start treatmetn
