chp 8 - mood disorders Flashcards
mood disorders
disabling disturbances in emotion i.e. depression, adhedonia, mania
cause dysfunctional social and occupational life
impacts ALL areas of functioning i.e. phys, soc, cog, bio, perceptual
major depressive disorder
core symptoms: sad most/every day or pleasure loss for 2+ WEEKS
diagnosis: core symptoms + 4 symptoms:
- hopeless
- appetite change
- low self esteem
- avoid social
- tired
etc
lifetime prev 5-17%, in canada 20-50%
sex differences in MDD
2x women > men that occurs in adolescence and remains over life
women ruminate more
objectification theory: viewed as object dec self esteem and inc vuln
estrogen and progerterone inc vuln
mixed depression
low grade symptoms of mania not meeting criteria of mania/hypomania
persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
main feature is long lasting symptoms
- 2+ YEARS in adults, over 1 in kids
- chronic form of depression
needs an additional 2 symptoms
lifetime prev 4.6%
double depression
person w PDD experiences 1 or more episodes of MDD
bipolar disorder (general)
lifetime prev 4.4%, less than MDD
ovg onset 20s, sex equal
women experience more depressive episodes, mania for men
typically recurs, w 50% having reccurance w/in a year
bipolar I disorder
episodes of mania and depression or only mania
symptoms mania: persistent elevated, irritable mood and inc goal directed energy lasting 1 WEEK + 3 symps (4 if irritable)
- inc activity
- talkative
- racing thoughts
- inc risk behav
- less sleep
bipolar II disorder
episodes of MDD followed by hypomania: inc in mood less than mania lasting 4+ DAYS
symptoms hypomania: 3 or 4 if irritable
- change in function
- optimistic
- risky behav
- dec sleep
- symps damage or ruin relationships
BPD w rapid cycling
person has 4+ episodes of mood disruptance in a year
bipolar w mixed features
combination of depression and hypo/mania occurring at SAME TIME
i.e. racing thoughts and impulsive, but crying and sad
BPD with predominant polarity
alternating periods depression and hypo/mania
person spends more time in 1 state over other
cyclothymic disorder
periods of symptoms of hypomania and mild depression over 2+ YEARS for adults, 1 for child
0.04-1% prevalence
milder than bipolar disorder
psychoanalytic theory depression
depression is like grief
ppl w introjective/self critical depression have feelings of inferiority, inadequacy, guilt
ppl w anaclitic/dependent depression feel unloved
interpersonal model depression
dec social networks and minimal support
dec ability to handle life events, inc depression
self verification theory: depressed ppl spend more time w ppl who confirm their -ve self view and treat them poorly
stress generation hypothesis: depressed individs tend to experience more -ve interpersonal situations
congruency hypothesis
predicts ppl more likely to be depressed if personality vulnerability is matched w congruent life events
i.e. perfectionist experiences failure, inc depression
beck’s negative schema
schema: perceptual sets that influence how we perceive and understand world
-ve schema: tendency to see world -vely, result of experiences
negative triad: -ve view of self, world, future
- caused by schema and cog bias
cog biases of depressed ppl
- arbitrary inference: conclusion drawn w/o evidence i.e. is worthless bcs raining
- selective abstraction: conc based on ONE of many elements i.e. entire group project failed bcs of you
- overgeneralization: i.e. did bad on one test, is stupif
- magnification and minimization: i.e. ruined car when little scratch, worthless despite praise
learned helplessness
passivity and sense of being unable to control own circumstances
acquired via unpleasant experiences and traumas where have no control
attribution and learned helplessness
i.e. receives low grade
attributions to stable factors: i.e. i am lazy instead of i didn’t leave enough time
attributions to internal characteristics: i.e. i a not smart enough
global attributions: i.e. i am a failure
depressive paradox
cog tendency of depressed ppl to accept responsibility of -ve outcomes
helplessness theory
expectation that desirable outcomes won’t happen, or that bad ones will and they cannot change
depressive predicitve certainty: ppl become prone to dep when they perceive state of helplessness will occur
- -ve life experience and personality leads to this
stress generation
behavs like reassurance seeking cause stressful environ, which leads partner to reject helping individ
assoc w depression in girls, not boys
girls w history of childhood maltreatment
social skills deficits
dec social skills predicts dep onset in kids
dec problem solving inc risk in youth
bio theories MDD
MDD is 35% heritable
- serotonin transfer gene linked w inc depression
mult genes, meaning MDD is polygenic
MDD assoc w childhood trauma and -ve style of info processing
bio theories BPD
concordance rate is 85%
- may be linked to dominant gene
brain derived neurotrophic factor/BDNF: involved in growth/survival of neurons
- as BDNF dec, severity inc
- neuroimaging: dec hippocampus and neurocog impairment
inconsistencies: study said BPD has gene on 11th chromo, not replicated
tricyclic drugs
prevent reuptake NE, sero, dop by presynaptic neuron after firing
antidepressant
monoamine oxidae inhibitor
antidepressant keeping MAO from taking away NE, sero
can inc temp dangerously
SSRIs
inhib sero uptake, inc sero
neuroendocrine system
hypothal-pitui-adrenocortical (HPA) axis role in depression
limbi system in brain linked w depression
hypothal for hormones
inc cortisol lvls
right hemisphere dysfunction
can cause sense of indifference and flatness
electric shock therapy
faster than drugs
can be bilat or unilat
induce temp seizure when nonresponsive to treatment
phototherapy
expose to bright light for SAD
repetitive transcranial mag stim
rTMS
magnetic pulses stim brain, non-invasive and succsessful
