Chpt. 34, East Asia and the Pacific Rim

Question 1

Pacific Rim

Answer 1

the region including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. It was typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization. All of them were either Chinese, or strongly influenced by Confucian values. They were considerably reliant on government planning and direction, with limitations on dissent and instability.

Question 2

Taiwan

Answer 2

An island off the Chinese mainland that became a refuge for the Nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek during the Communist takeover in 1948. It was known as the Republic of China. It successfully retained independence with the aid of the US, and rapidly industrialized after the 1950s.

Question 3

Liberal Democratic Party

Answer 3

The party that monopolized Japanese government from its formation in 1955 into the 1990s, and was largely responsible for the economic reconstruction of Japan.

Question 4

Republic of Korea

Answer 4

The southern half of Korea sponsored by the United States following WW2; it was headed by nationalist Syngman Rhee; it developed parliamentary institutions but maintained authoritarian government. It was defended by UN forces during the Korean War, and underwent industrialization and economic emergence after the 1950s.

Question 5

People’s Democratic Republic of Korea

Answer 5

The northern half of Korea, which was dominated by the U.S.S.R. It was long headed by Kim Il-Sung, and attacked South Korea in 1950, initiating the Korean war. It retained independence as a communist state after the war.

Question 6

Korean War

Answer 6

A war fought from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea and South Korea. North Korea was supported by the U.S.S.R. and later the People’s Republic of China. South Korea was supported by the US and a small international UN force. It ended in stalemate and the continued division of Korea.

Question 7

Hong Kong

Answer 7

A British colony on the Chinese mainland that was a major commercial center. An agreement was reached between Britain and the People’s Republic of China that returned the colony to China in 1997.

Question 8

Hyundai

Answer 8

An example of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern South Korea. It virtually governed Korea’s southeastern coast and the vertical economic organization, with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units.

Question 9

Chiang Ching-kuo

Answer 9

The son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978. He continued authoritarian government and attempted to lessen the gap between followers of his father and indigenous islanders.

Question 10

Lee Kuan Yew

Answer 10

The ruler of Singapore from independence in 1959 through three decades, he established a tightly controlled authoritarian government. He ruled through the People’s Action Party and suppressed political diversity.

Question 11

People’s Republic of China

Answer 11

The Communist government of mainland China. It was proclaimed in 1949 following the military success of Mao Zedong over the forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Question 12

Lin Biao

Answer 12

A Chinese commander under Mao who trained at Chiang Kaishek’s Whampoa Academy in the 1920s.

Question 13

party cadres

Answer 13

The basis of China’s communist government organization. Advisors from these were attached to military contingents at all levels.

Question 14

People’s Liberation Army

Answer 14

A Chinese Communist army that administered much of the country under the People’s Republic of China.

Question 15

Mass Line

Answer 15

An economic policy of Mao Zedong that led to the formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955. The cooperatives became collective in 1956.

Question 16

Great Leap Forward

Answer 16

An economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958. It proposed the industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes. It led to economic disaster and ended in 1960.

Question 17

pragmatists

Answer 17

Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui, who were determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level. They opposed the Great Leap Forward.

Question 18

Zhou Enlai

Answer 18

After Mao Zedong, he was the most important leader of the Communist Party in China from the 1930s until his death in 1976. He was premier in China from 1954, and was notable as the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle of Communist leaders.

Question 19

Liu Shaoqi

Answer 19

A Chinese Communist pragmatist. With Deng Xiaoping, he came to power in 1959 after Mao was replaced, and was determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level. He was purged in 1966 as Mao returned to power.

Question 20

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 20

One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China. He joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, and emerged as China’s most influential leader in the early 1980s.

Question 21

Jiang Qing

Answer 21

The wife of Mao Zedong, she was one of the Gang of Four, opposed pragmatists, and supported the Cultural Revolution of 1965. She was arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976.

Question 22

Cultural Revolution

Answer 22

A movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists. He used mobs to ridicule Mao’s political rivals; the campaign was called off in 1968.

Question 23

Red Guard

Answer 23

Student brigades used by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit Mao’s political enemies.

Question 24

Gang of Four

Answer 24

Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of the Communist government in China from the pragmatists. They were arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong’s death.

Question 25

Tayson Rebellion

Answer 25

A peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the late 1770s. It succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty, and subsequently unseatd the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam.

Question 26

Nguyen Anh (phon: nwin an)

Answer 26

The last surviving member of the Nguyen dynasty following the Tayson Rebellion in Vietnam. With French support he retook southern Vietnam, and drove Tayson from northern Vietnam by 1802. He proclaimed himself emperor, and established a capital at Hue, also known as Gia Long.

Question 27

Minh Mang

Answer 27

The second emperor of a united Vietnam, he was the successor of Nguyen Anh, and ruled from 1820 to 1841. He placed an emphasis on Confucianism, and persecuted Catholics.

Question 28

Vietnamese Nationalist Party

Answer 28

Also known as the Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dong or VNQDD, it was active in the 1920s as a revolutionary force committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism.

Question 29

Communist Party of Vietnam

Answer 29

Originally a wing of the nationalist movement, it became a primary nationalist party after the decline of VNQDD in 1929. It was led in the late 1920s by Nguyen Ai Quoc, alias Ho Chi Minh .

Question 30

Ho Chi Minh

Answer 30

Also known as Nguyen Ai Quoc, he led the Vietnamese Communist Party in a struggle for liberation from French and US dominance, and to unify north and south Vietnam.

Question 31

Viet Minh

Answer 31

The Communist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement that operated out of a base in southern China during WW2. It employed guerilla tactics similar to the Maoists in China.

Question 32

Vo Nguyen Giap

Answer 32

A chief military commander of the Viet Minh and architect of the Vietnamese victory over the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.

Question 33

Dien Bien Phu

Answer 33

The most significant victory of the Viet Minh over French colonial forces in 1954, it gave the Viet Minh control over northern Vietnam.

Question 34

Ngo Dinh Diem

Answer 34

A political leader of South Vietnam who was established as president with US support in the 1950s and opposed the Communist government of northern Vietnam. He was overthrown by a military coup approved by the US.

Question 35

Viet Cong

Answer 35

A name given by the Diem regime to the communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam. It was reorganized with northern Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958.